1976 - Prospective study of dietary protein intake and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women.
BACKGROUND:
The role of dietary protein intake in osteoporosis remains controversial. Protein is an important structural component of bone and protein supplementation improves the medical outcome of hip fracture patients, but it is unknown whether protein intake can reduce the incidence risk of hip fracture.
OBJECTIVE:
The relation between intake of protein and other nutrients and subsequent incidence of hip fracture was evaluated.
DESIGN:
Nutrient intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire in a cohort of Iowa women aged 55-69 y at baseline in 1986. Incident hip fractures were ascertained through follow-up questionnaires mailed to participants in 1987 and 1989 and verified by physician reports.
RESULTS:
Forty-four cases of incident hip fractures were included in the analyses of 104338 person-years (the number of subjects studied times the number of years of follow-up) of follow-up data. The risk of hip fracture was not related to intake of calcium or vitamin D, but was negatively associated with total protein intake. Animal rather than vegetable sources of protein appeared to account for this association. In a multivariate model with inclusion of age, body size, parity, smoking, alcohol intake, estrogen use, and physical activity, the relative risks of hip fracture decreased across increasing quartiles of intake of animal protein as follows: 1.00 (reference), 0.59 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.34), 0.63 (0.28, 1.42), and 0.31 (0.10, 0.93)/ P for trend = 0.037.
CONCLUSIONS:
Intake of dietary protein, especially from animal sources, may be associated with a reduced incidence of hip fractures in postmenopausal women.
Résultats obtenus sur une cohorte de femmes de 55 à 69 ans montrant que l'apport de protéines, notamment de protéines animales, est associé à une réduction de l'incidence des fractures du col du fémur chez la femme ménopausée. Observation originale et intéressante mais sans rapport direct avec le calcium et donc avec certaines eaux.1977 - Caries and fluorosis prevalence in communities with different concentrations of fluoride in the water.
Schoolchildren (aged 12 years) from low fluoride (<0.3 mg/litre) communities resided in Catanzaro and from high fluoride (>2.5 mg /litre) communities located in the area around Naples were assessed (1997). In the low-fluoride area, 48.4% children were caries-free (DMFT=0) and the DMFT and caries (DMFSmore then1) were 1.5 and 2.6/ in the high-fluoride area, 46.8% had a DMFT=0 and the values of the indices were 1.4 and 1.6, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a significant association in the caries-free status according to parents'' employment status (OR=1.2, 95% CI= 1.1-1.3) and children''s sweets consumption, since children who consumed sweets at least once a day had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.8 (95% CI=1.4-2.3) compared to those with a lower consumption. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that DMFT and DMFS were significantly higher in children with a lower socioeconomic status and in those who consumed sweets at least once a day, with the DMFS significantly associated also with the area of residence. DT and FT scores were higher in the high- and low-fluoride areas, respectively. No evidence of fluorosis was reported in 94.5 and 55.3% of children in the low- and high-fluoride areas, respectively. The Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) for all permanent teeth was significantly higher in the high- fluoride area, 0.8, than the value, 0.1, found in the low-fluoride community. It is concluded that there are difficulties in defining universal guidelines for the fluoridation or defluoridation of drinking water and the need for an epidemiological approach to the decision as to fluoridate and defluoridate the water supply.
Etude comparative des groupes d'enfants de 12 ans vivant en Italie dans une zone à faible fluoridation de l'eau (0,3 mg/l) et une zone à haute fluoridation (2,5 mg/l). Comparaison également avec le milieu social, les habitudes alimentaires, la consommation de substances sucrées et le brossage des dents. Les résultats sont difficiles à interpréter/ La conclusion est qu'il et difficile de définir des recommandations universelles pour la fluoridation ou la défluoridation de l'eau de boisson en l'absence d'une approche épidémiologique supplémentaire.1978 - Acute deshydratation in the infant.
No abstract available.
Excellente revue, clarté de l'exposé sur la physiopathologie, le diagnostic et le traitement d'urgence. La gravité de la D.H.A est bien soulignée avec ses deux mécanismes : le collapsus et les désordres métaboliques. Les différentes techniques de réhydratation sont bien exposées.1979 - Development and evaluation of a low erosive blackcurrant juice drink. 2. Comparison with a conventional blackcurrant juice drind and orange juice.
OBJECTIVE:
A previous study demonstrated that an experimental low pH blackcurrant juice drink with calcium was markedly less erosive to enamel both in situ and in vitro than orange juice. Further development of the experimental blackcurrant juice drink formula has occurred and the aims of the present studies were two fold. Firstly, to confirm the low erosivity of the modified formulation and secondly, to provide more comparative data with other acidic fruit drink products.
METHOD:
The study was a single centre, single blind, randomised placebo controlled 4 cell crossover design involving 12 healthy volunteers. The test drinks were orange juice, water, experimental blackcurrant juice drink with calcium and a proprietary blackcurrant juice drink. Enamel samples were retained in situ at the mid palatal regions using intraoral appliances and exposed to 250 ml volumes of the drinks 4 times per day during 15 working days. Measurements of enamel loss were made by profilometry. The same method was modelled in vitro.
RESULTS:
By day 15 the mean losses of enamel in situ for orange juice, water, experimental blackcurrant juice drink with calcium and blackcurrant juice drink were 1.70, 0.05, 0.44 and 2.75 microns respectively. At all bar one measurement, the loss of enamel was significantly greater for all fruit drinks compared to water. Losses caused by the blackcurrant juice drink with calcium were significantly less than the other two fruit drinks at all time points. Losses of enamel by day 15 in the study in vitro were 13.02, 0.00, 1.78 and 39.02 microns respectively. The blackcurrant juice drink with calcium was not significantly different from water at days 3 and 6, otherwise all pairwise comparisons for differences between the 4 drinks at each time period were significant.
CONCLUSION:
The methodologies in situ and in vitro again appear to correlate in ranking the order of erosivity of drinks. The data particularly from the study in situ allude to the very low comparative erosivity of the further modified experimental blackcurrant juice drink with calcium and support the further development of such drinks for public consumption.
Seconde partie d'une série de trois articles sur la correction de l'effet érosif des jus de fruits acides sur l'émail dentaire par l'addition de calcium. Utilisant la même méthodologie in vitro et in situ, confirme les résultats antérieurs sur plusieurs boissons : eau, jus de cassis enrichi en calcium, jus d'orange, jus de cassis non enrichi, dans cet ordre croissant de pouvoir érosif.1980 - Hyponatremic seizures among infants fed with commercial bottled drinking water--Wisconsin, 1993.
Two cases are reported of hyponatraemic seizures in infants associated with consumption of bottled water. Serum sodium levels were 116 and 121 m-equiv./ 1., compared with normal values of 135-145 m-equiv./ 1. In each case, the infant had been fed the bottled water as a supplement to infant formula in the belief that the product was specifically for infants and contained appropriate levels of nutrients / the product was also attractive due to its low price. FDA recommendations on labelling of bottled water are outlined and it is suggested that parents should be discouraged from using tap or bottled water as a supplement for infants aged LESS THAN 6 months.
Deux cas de convulsions hyponatrémiques après consommation d'eau en bouteille (minérale ?) chez des nourrissons âgés de moins de 6 mois, en supplément au lait.1981 - Diet of French infants and toddlers in 1997.
BACKGROUND:
In 1981 and 1989, two French nationwide food consumption surveys reported the dietary intakes of infants and toddlers. In 1997, another survey was conducted. Population and methods. - Six-hundred and sixty, 1 to 30-month-old infants and children were recruited. Food records were completed by their parents during a 3-day period. Energy, proteins, carbohydrates, total lipids, minerals, vitamins, linoleic acid contents were calculated. Energy contribution of various food groups and the pattern of the distribution of the different meals were indicated.
RESULTS:
Between 1989 and 1997, the contribution of milk-based infant formulas increased at 4, 5, 7 and 8-9 months. Front the age of 5 months, approximately 75% of the children had a protein intake twice as high as the official recommendations. Mean iron intakes were higher than those calculated in 1989 at the age of 7, 8-9 and 10-12 months. The average daily intake of linoleic acid was lower than the recommended daily allowance from the age of 6 months.
CONCLUSIONS:
Trends in dietary intakes between 1989 and 1997 indicated that the nutritional needs of French infants and toddlers are better covered as recommended by scientific committees. More effective efforts are needed for improvement of their nutritional status particularly for iron and essential fatty acids. For example, weaning foods should be introduced later and toddler''s formulas should be used more systematically and longer.
Enquête nutritionnelle sur la consommation des nouveau-nés et des petits enfants en France en 1981 et 1989 puis 1997. Les apports quotidiens dépassent les recommandations des comités scientifiques mais il faut améliorer la prise de fer et d'acides gras essentiels.1982 - Problems and approaches in investigating the role of micronutrients in the aetiology of cancer in humans.
Observational studies have provided leads regarding a number of micronutrients which may account for the apparent protective effects of high intakes of vegetables and fruit against many types of cancer. In general, these leads have not been confirmed by randomised controlled trials. This apparent conflict raises issues about the timing and duration of a critical period or periods during which micronutrient intake may influence the development of cancer, the dose, possible interaction between high doses of micronutrients and exposures conferring a high risk of cancer and gene-micronutrient interactions. When gene-environmental interaction exists, failure to take both of these sets of factors into account leads to bias in the estimation of disease risk. As a result of recent advances, it is now possible to take measures of genetic susceptibility into account. Therefore, in future studies, the opportunity should be taken to obtain DNA samples to determine genotypes for polymorphisms potentially affecting micronutrient metabolism.
L'auteur met l'accent sur les problèmes posés par l'évaluation des effets protecteurs des micronutriments sur le risque de cancer. Parmi les facteurs à prendre en compte figurent la durée et le moment de la prise des micronutriments étudiés, leur dose, leur possible interférence avec des facteurs d'exposition conférant un risque cancérigène et, également, leur interaction avec les facteurs génétiques de prédisposition au cancer. Il apparaît ainsi souhaitable, dans les études futures, de recueillir des échantillons d'ADN pour déterminer les polymorphismes génétiques susceptibles d'influencer le métabolisme des micronutriments.1983 - Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer.
This population-based, case-control study in King County, Washington examined supplement use in 697 incident prostate cancer cases (ages 40-64) identified from the Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program registry and 666 controls recruited from the same overall population using random-digit dialing sampling. Participants reported their frequency of use of three types of multivitamins and single supplements of vitamins A, C, and E, calcium, iron, and zinc over the 2 years before diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses controlled for age, race, education, family history of prostate cancer, body mass index, number of prostate-specific antigen tests in the previous 5 years, and dietary fat intake. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence limits) for the contrast of greater than or equal7 /week versus no use were as follows: multivitamins, 0.96 (0.73, 1.26) / vitamin A, 0.59 (0.32, 1.06)/ vitamin C, 0.77 (0.57, 1.04)/ vitamin E, 0.76 (0.54, 1.08)/ calcium, 1.04 (0.61, 1.78)/ iron, 0.50 (0.13, 1.76)/ and zinc, 0.55 (0.30, 1.00). Odds ratios differed little when cases were stratified by stage of disease at diagnosis or by histopathological grade. There were significant dose-response effects for zinc and ordered dose-response trends for vitamins C and E. Overall, these results suggest that multivitamin use is not associated with prostate cancer risk, but use of individual supplements of zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E may be protective. Further study is needed to investigate the direct role of these dietary supplements, as well as the role of lifestyle variables associated with supplement use, on prostate cancer risk.
Les auteurs rapportent les résultats d'une étude épidémiologique de type cas-témoin comparant 697 patients atteints de cancer de la prostate récemment diagnostiqué et 666 sujets témoins d'age comparable recrutés dans la population générale. Chez tous ces sujets, une enquête alimentaire a précisé l'utilisation de suppléments de vitamines A, C et E ainsi que de calcium, de fer ou de zinc au cours des deux années précédentes. Le risque relatif de cancer de la prostate s'est révélé plus faible chez les patients ayant la plus forte consommation de supplément de zinc, de vitamine c et de vitamine E, pour lesquels existait une relation dose-effet.. Des études prospectives seront néanmoins nécessaires pour confirmer l'effet protecteur suggéré par cette étude.1984 - Perioperative thirst: a patient perspective.
Many institutions continue to require surgery patients to take nothing by mouth after midnight despite current research that supports allowing most patients to drink fluids up to 3 hours before surgery. This study of 50 elective surgery patients describes their perceptions of discomfort caused by thirst
RESULTS:
show that thirst caused significantly more discomfort to the patient than not being able to eat or sleep or worrying about the surgery itself. Given these results, nurses are urged to work within their institutions to change the current practice regarding preoperative fluid restriction.
Ce travail remet en cause la privation pré-opératoire d'eau. Vu la rapide absorption de l'eau, l'abstinence plusieurs heures avant l'anesthésie pourrait être raccourcie.1985 - Fluoride in tea--its dental significance: a review.
It has long been accepted that fluoride accumulates in the leaves of the tea plant. Camellia sinensis. In addition it is known that some of this fluoride is released into the infusion which is drunk as tea. The exact concentration of fluoride in a cup of tea and the effects of this fluoride have been the subject of many international studies. This review summarizes the main points of such studies which have been carried out in an attempt to establish the dental significance of fluoride in tea. The most popular teas in Ireland are not readily available in any other country and therefore, Irish data may not be assumed to be similar to those in the studies reviewed here. By identifying potential sources of high fluoride ingestion, recommendations can be made to reduce consumption from these sources in patients who may be at risk of dental fluorosis
IN CONCLUSION:
it is recommended that a research project be carried out to analyse the fluoride levels released and the rates of the releases from teas available on the Irish market. Ireland has the highest per capita consumption of tea in the world.
Les fluorures s'accumulent dans les feuilles de la plante du thé Camellia sinensis. Ces fluorures sont relâchées dans l'eau des infusions dans les préparations buvables de thé. La concentration exacte en fluorure dans une tasse de thé ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études internationales. Cette revue résume les principaux points acquis de ces études et leurs influences pour connaître la signification des fluorures du thé sur les dents. Les formules de thé les plus populaires en Irlande ne sont pas encore disponibles dans les autres pays, c'est pourquoi les données irlandaises ne peuvent pas servirent de référence dans d'autres pays. En repérant les sources potentielles de hautes quantités de fluorure ingérées, des recommandations peuvent être faites pour réduire la consommation dans ces sources chez les patients qui sont à grand risque de fluorose dentaire. En conclusion, il serait utile qu'un projet de recherche puisse être mené à bien pour analyser les taux de fluorure disponibles et relâchés dans les différentes marques de thé utilisables sur le marché irlandais. L'Irlande a, en effet, le plus haut taux de consommation de thé dans le mode par tête d'habitant.1986 - Prevalence of magnesium and zinc deficiencies in nursing home residents in Germany.
In a multicentric study with 345 seniors over 70 years old we investigated magnesium and zinc levels in serum together with the prevalence of their typical symptoms of deficiency in nursing home residents (NHR) and non-nursing home residents (nNHR). In addition calcium, sodium and potassium levels in serum were determined as well as creatinine and albumin. Considering all seniors 33 per cent exhibited hypomagnesemia and 19 per cent hypozincemia. Zinc levels of female and male NHR were significantly lower than levels of nNHR. Hypomagnesemia was significantly associated with calf cramps and with diabetes mellitus. Hypozincemia was significantly associated with impaired wound healing.
Dans une étude multicentrique de 345 sujets âgés de 70 ans, ont été déterminés les taux de magnésium et zinc sérique et la prévalence des signes de carence, sujets institutionnalisés et témoins non institutionalisés. Sur l'ensemble des sujets il est mis en évidence une hypomagnésémie dans 33 % des cas. L'hypomagnésémie est significativement associée à des crampes des mollets et au diabète sucré. Il existe également une hypozincémie associée à une cicatrisation ralentie.1987 - Iron status of children in southern Sweden: Effects of cow''s milk and follow-on formula.
AIMS:
The objective of the study was to investigate iron status in children in relation to intake of cow''s milk and follow-on formula.
METHOD:
In all, 367 healthy 2.5-y-old children were enrolled in the study. The amounts of cow''s milk and formula consumed were recorded. B-haemoglobin, S- ferritin, S-iron, total iron binding capacity and mean corpuscular volume were analysed.
RESULTS:
Seven percent of the children had iron deficiency anaemia (Hb <110 g/l) and 10% had S- ferritin <12 mug/l. Furthermore, 10% of the children were iron deficient, with or without anaemia. Children with iron deficiency had a higher intake of cow''s milk (382 ml, 95% confidence interval (CI) 294-496, vs. 257 ml, CI 232-272, p < 0.0001), and fewer consumed follow- on formula (11% vs. 43%, p = 0.0002) compared to those with sufficient iron.
CONCLUSIONS:
Iron deficiency is still common during childhood in Sweden. Intake of cow''s milk is significantly higher in children with iron deficiency. In contrast, iron deficiency is less frequent among those consuming follow-on formula.
Cette étude, réalisée en Suède sur 367 enfants de 2 à 5 ans, met en évidence que la déficience en fer touche environ 10 % des enfants (avec ou sans anémie). Les enfants déficients en fer ont des apports en lait de vache les plus élevés. Au contraire, la déficience en fer est moins répandue chez les enfants consommant un lait de suite.1988 - Pathophysiology of the aquaporin water channels.
Discovery of aquaporin water channel proteins has provided insight into the molecular mechanism of membrane water permeability. The distribution of known mammalian aquaporins predicts roles in physiology and disease. Aquaporin-1 mediates proximal tubule fluid reabsorption, secretion of aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, and lung water homeostasis. Aquaporin-2 mediates vasopressin-dependent renal collecting duct water permeability/ mutations or downregulation can cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Aquaporin-3 in the basolateral membrane of the collecting duct provides an exit pathway for reabsorbed water. Aquaporin-4 is abundant in brain and probably participates in reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid, osmoregulation, and regulation of brain edema. Aquaporin-5 mediates fluid secretion in salivary and lacrimal glands and is abundant in alveolar epithelium of the lung. Specific regulation of membrane water permeability will likely prove important to understanding edema formation and fluid balance in both normal physiology and disease.
Peter Agre est le chercheur qui a pour la première fois isolé et caractérisé une protéine capable de faciliter le passage de molécules d'eau à travers une membrane cellulaire. Dans cette revue, il présente la structure et la fonction des 5 premières aquaporines connues. L'aquaporine 1 est responsable des mouvements d'eau à travers le tubule proximal au niveau rénal, mais aussi de la sécrétion de l'humeur aqueuse ou du liquide céphalo-rachidien. L'aquaporine 2 est impliquée dans la réabsorption rénale d'eau contrôlée par la vasopressine. Des modifications de son expression sont souvent responsables du diabète insipide d'origine néphrogénique. L'aquaporine 3 est située dans la membrane basolatérale des cellules du tubule collecteur et participent à la sortie de l'eau au pôle basolatéral. L' aquaporine 4 est surtout présente dans le système nerveux central et pourrait participer au contrôle de l'osmorégulation ainsi qu'au développement d'oedème cérébraux. L'aquaporine 5 est localisée dans les tissus sécréteurs comme les glandes salivaires ou lacrymales, mais aussi au niveau du poumon. Le niveau d'expression de ces différentes aquaporines selon les conditions physiologiques ou physiophatologiques pourrait moduler les échanges hydriques entre ces différents compartiments.auqaporines, canaux hydriques.1989 - Appearance of water channels in Xenopus oocytes expressing red cell CHIP28 protein.
Water rapidly crosses the plasma membrane of red blood cells (RBCs) and renal tubules through specialized channels. Although selective for water, the molecular structure of these channels is unknown. The CHIP28 protein is an abundant integral membrane protein in mammalian RBCs and renal proximal tubules and belongs to a family of membrane proteins with unknown functions. Oocytes from Xenopus laevis microinjected with in vitro-transcribed CHIP28 RNA exhibited increased osmotic water permeability/ this was reversibly inhibited by mercuric chloride, a known inhibitor of water channels. Therefore it is likely that CHIP28 is a functional unit of membrane water channels.
Dans cet article, G. Preston et collaborateurs montrent pour la première fois que l'injection des ARN d'une protéine donnée dans des oeufs de xénope, un batracien couramment utilisé en recherche expérimentale, augmente leur perméabilité hydrique dans les jours qui suivent. La démonstration était ainsi faite qu'une protéine isolée à partir du globule rouge était capable de faciliter des transports d'eau à travers une membre cellulaire. De plus, l'addition de dérivés mercuriques était capable d'inhiber les flux d'eau à travers ces membranes. Appelée tout d'abord CHIP28, cette protéine a ensuite été nommée aquaporine 1 ou AQP1. Cette observation a été à l'origine de la découverte de nombreuses autres aquaporines capables de faciliter les mouvements d'eau aussi bien chez les mammifères que chez les oiseaux, les batraciens, les invertébrés, les plantes ou certains unicellulaires.1990 - Iron intake and iron status of preschool children: associations with breakfast cereals, vitamin C and meat.
Analysis of data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of 904 children aged 1.5-4.5 years, including dietary intakes calculated from 4-day weighed records. Data were used from children with haematological measurements, excluding those taking Fe supplements/ 20% had low Fe stores (ferritin<10 micro g/litre) while 8% were anaemic (Hb<11 g/dl). High cereal consumers had significantly higher Fe intakes than low cereal consumers (classified by tertiles) but the 10% difference in mean ferritin levels was not significant (P=0.067). Lower intakes of ascorbic acid and meat among high consumers of cereal may have diluted the impact of cereal Fe on Fe status. When children were reclassified according to their intakes of ascorbic acid and Fe from meat and breakfast cereals, the group with high (above median) intakes of two or more factors had a higher mean haemoglobin (Hb) level and a lower prevalence of anaemia compared with the group with low (below median) intakes of all 3 dietary constituents. Nutritional advice that aims to improve Fe status should emphasize not only rich sources of Fe but also factors that may enhance or inhibit absorption. Strategies to optimize Fe status in this vulnerable age group include consuming an Fe-fortified breakfast cereal, ascorbic acid-rich fruit or drink at breakfast, and avoiding tea with (or after) meals.
Pour avoir un taux de fer sanguin satisfaisant chez l'enfant d'âge préscolaire il y a intérêt à donner des céréales et du jus de fruit riche en vitamine C au petit déjeuner.1991 - Extracellular fluid and its proteins: dehydration, shock, and recovery.
This review highlights characteristics of extracellular fluid (ECF) that are often overlooked. ECF has, in addition to plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounding cells, a third large compartment, the ISF of skin and connective tissue. This acts as a reservoir that gives up ECF to plasma volume (PV) in order to sustain circulation in the event of either shock or dehydration. While Starling forces drive filtration, ECF is returned to PV more by lymph and less by Starling forces than previously appreciated. Lymph return to PV is dependent on physical activity and muscle contraction to overcome gravity. Regional change in metabolic rate alters the need for oxygen and nutrients that is met by a regional increase in capillary blood flow. Blood flow is controlled by vasoactive compounds released in response to a drop in PO(2)/ these relax capillary smooth muscle to increase blood flow and delivery of oxygen and nutrients. Plasma proteins, including albumin, are filtered into the interstitium through larger pores than those filtering ECF. The rate of protein filtration is set by size and charge of these larger endothelial pores and by size and charge of proteins. Charge of these pores, hence albumin permeability, is regulated by many of the same vasoactive compounds that control capillary flow. As a consequence, in response to gravitational stress and other forms of shock that reduce effective circulation, albumin as well as ECF is rapidly shifted from plasma and sequestered in ISF. When this has occurred, as in burn shock, restoration is better effected by generous expansion of ECF with Ringer''s solution alone, rather than with Ringer''s solution supplemented with human serum albumin or other colloid. Restoring both PV and ISF volume restores lymph circulation and returns sequestered albumin to PV.
Article concernant la physiopathologie du liquide extra-cellulaire. Au sein de ce compartiment, il convient d'identifier un important subcompartiment correspondant au liquide interstitiel de la peau et des tissus conjonctifs. Ce compartiment agit comme un réservoir pouvant contribuer à la restauration du volume plasmatique en cas de choc ou de déshydratation. Les mécanismes sont mis en jeu dans différentes conditions physiologiques et physiopathologiques.1992 - Effect of mild dehydration on the lactate threshold in women.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of dehydration on the lactate threshold and performance time to exhaustion in women.
METHOD:
Seven moderately trained women (age = 23.6 +/- 1.6 yr) performed two graded exercise tests on separate occasions, once in a normally hydrated state (HY) and once in a dehydrated state (DE). Dehydration was achieved by a 45-min submaximal exercise the evening before testing, followed by a 12-h period of fluid restriction. VO2, VCO2, V(E), R-values, blood lactate, and catecholamine concentrations were measured at baseline and during each workload. Plasma volume and plasma osmolality were also determined. Body weight dropped significantly for the dehydrated trial (2.6 +/- 0.7%).
RESULTS:
There was a corresponding decrease in plasma volume measured (3.5 +/- 2.6%). The VO2max (3.1 +/- 0.3 L x min(-1) HY/ 3.0 +/- 0.1 L x min(-1) DE) obtained was not significantly different between the hydration and dehydration trial. Plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and lactate concentrations were not significantly different at baseline or maximum intensity although epinephrine concentrations were higher for the dehydrated trial during submaximal workloads. Lactate concentrations were highly correlated with epinephrine (r = 0.95 HY/ r = 0.97 DE). The lactate threshold occurred at a significantly lower relative percent of VO2max for the dehydrated trial (72.2 +/- 1.1% HY/ 65.5 +/- 1.8% DE) as well as a lower absolute power output when compared with that in the hydrated trial. There was a significant decrease in time to exhaustion for the dehydrated trial (17.3 +/- 0.7 min HY/ 16.3 + 0.7 min DE). Time to exhaustion for the dehydrated trial was correlated with the % VOmax at which the lactate threshold occurred (r = 0.74).
CONCLUSION:
These data indicate that low levels of dehydration induced a shift in the lactate threshold, in part because of elevated epinephrine concentrations. This shift may have been one cause for the decrease in time to exhaustion for the dehydrated trial.
Intérêt mécanistique - Le seuil lactique se produit à une puissance relative d'exercice plus basse chez la femme modérément déshydratée, en partie en raison d'une élévation de l'adrénaline plasmatique. L'épuisement plus précoce observé est corrélé avec le % de VO2 max auquel se produit l'accroissement des lactates sanguins. Cela souligne à nouveau l'intérêt de la réhydratation au cours de l'exercice.1993 - Effective fluid replacement.
As a result of exercise-induced sweating, athletes and trained individuals can lose up to 3 L of fluid per hour. Fluid replacement is required to maintain hydration and allow the athlete to continue to perform. Inadequate fluid intake will adversely affect temperature regulation, cardiovascular function, and muscle metabolism. To maximize fluid intake and effectively replace fluid, athletes must employ behavioral strategies. Athletes can also select beverages with characteristics that complement their behavioral efforts. Palatability, rapid absorption, retention of the fluid, and ergogenicity are the major attributes to consider for enhancing hydration during training and physical activity.
Cette revue générale examine (1) les différentes voies des pertes hydriques, (2) les effets des pertes hydriques sur les fonctions physiologiques (cardiocirculatoire, thermorégulatrice, énergétique cellulaire, immunitaire) et la performance d'exercices réalisés à forte puissance, d'exercices soutenus intermittents ou continus et d'exercices endurants, (3) les conduites de réhydratation impliquant successivement les stratégies comportementales, les caractéristiques des boissons (palatabilité, absorption digestive, contenu en électrolytes, bénéfice ergogénique). Il s'agit d'une revue très complète, utile pour le non spécialiste comme pour le professionnel du domaine.1994 - Gimme 5 fruit, juice, and vegetables for fun and health: outcome evaluation.
A theory-based multicomponent intervention (Gimme 5) was designed and implemented to impact fourth- and fifth-grade children''s fruit, juice, and vegetable (FJV) consumption and related psychosocial variables. Gimme 5 was a randomized controlled intervention trial with school (n = 16 elementary) as unit of random assignment and analysis. Participants included the cohort of students who were in the third grade in the winter of 1994 and students who joined them in the fourth and fifth grades. The intervention included a curriculum, newsletters, videotapes, and point-of-purchase education. Evaluation included 7-day food records and psychosocial measures from students, telephone interviews with parents, and observational assessments. Favorable results were observed for consumption of FJV combined, FJV consumed at weekday lunch, eating FJV self-efficacy, social norms, asking behaviors, and knowledge. A theory-based school nutrition education program can help change children''s FJV consumption and impact factors at home that predispose to FJV consumption, but changes were small, and their persistence is unknown.
Ce travail rapporte les résultat favorables d'un programme d'éducation nutritionnelle destiné à des enfants, et relatif à leur consommation de jus de fruits et de légumes. Mais les changements de comportement induits sont de faible amplitude et leur persistance dans le temps reste inconnue.1995 - Fluid therapy of acute brain edema in children.
The clinical experience with a new fluid therapy in children with acute brain edema complicated by infectious disease is reported. The clinical data of a retrospective group of 192 patients and a prospective study of 1,302 and 2,279 patients is summarized. One method of fluid therapy for children with acute brain edema is traditional/ fluid intake is restricted to less than 1,200 mL/m2 daily (60 mL/kg daily). Another method is the new fluid therapy regimen used in our prospective study, in which dehydration and fluid replenishment are individualized. On the first day the fluid intake of patients who survived varied from 40 to 208 mL/kg daily. The mortality rate in the two prospective groups was 19.66% in 1,302 patients and 17.2% in 2,279 patients, significantly lower than the 63.5% in the retrospective group (192 patients) (P <0.001). This result indicates that a wide range of fluid intake for children with acute brain edema is allowable during the first days of treatment. The appropriate dehydration and fluid replenishment should be individualized based on close observation of the patient''s condition.
Intérêt de la restriction hydrique dans le traitement de l'œdème cérébral chez l'enfant. Etude prospective et rétroprospective significative.1996 - Renal tubular dysfunction in chronic alcohol abuse--effects of abstinence.
BACKGROUND:
Alcohol abuse may be accompanied by a variety of disorders of electrolyte and acid-base metabolism. The role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of these disturbances is obscure. We sought to evaluate the alcohol-induced abnormalities of renal function and improvement during abstinence and to assess the relation between renal dysfunction and electrolyte and acid-base disorders.
METHOD:
We measured biochemical constituents of blood and renal function before and after four weeks of abstinence in 61 patients with chronic alcoholism who had little or no liver disease.
RESULTS:
On admission, 18 patients (30 percent) had hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia, 13 patients (21 percent) had hypocalcemia, and 8 patients (13 percent) had hypokalemia. Twenty-two patients (36 percent) had a variety of simple and mixed acid-base disorders. Twenty of these patients had metabolic acidosis, and among them, 80 percent had alcoholic acidosis. A wide range of defects in renal tubular function, with normal glomerular filtration rate, were detected in these patients. The defects included decreases in the threshold and maximal reabsorptive ability for glucose (38 percent of patients) and in the renal threshold for phosphate excretion (36 percent)/ increases in the fractional excretion of beta 2-microglobulin (38 percent), uric acid (12 percent), calcium (23 percent), and magnesium (21 percent)/ and aminoaciduria (38 percent). Seventeen patients (28 percent) had a defect in tubular acidification, and five an impairment in urinary concentrating ability. Urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alanine aminopeptidase were increased in 41 and 34 percent of patients, respectively. The abnormalities of blood chemistry and renal tubular function disappeared after four weeks of abstinence.
CONCLUSION:
Transient defects in renal tubular function are common in patients with chronic alcoholism and may contribute to their abnormalities of serum electrolyte and blood acid-base profiles.
Il existe de nombreuses perturbations des électrolytes et du métabolisme acido-basique chez l'alcoolique. Cette étude a été réalisée chez 61 patients avant ou 4 semaines après sevrage alcoolique. Les nombreuses anomalies observées disparaissent avec le retour à la normale des fonctions tubulaires, ce qui suggère leurs implications dans les anomalies des électrolytes et du métabolisme acido-basique chez l'alcoolique.1997 - Magnesium deficiency: Pathophysiologic and clinical overview.
Magnesium is an essential cation, involved in many enzymatic reactions, as a cofactor to adenosine triphosphatases. It is critical in energy-requiring metabolic processes, as well as protein synthesis and anaerobic phosphorylation. Serum Mg concentration is maintained within a narrow range by the kidney and small intestine since under conditions of Mg deprivation both organs increase their fractional absorption of Mg. If Mg depletion continues, the bone store contributes by exchanging part of its content with extracellular fluid (ECF). The serum Mg can be normal in the presence of intracellular Mg depletion, and the occurrence of a low level usually indicates significant Mg deficiency. Hypomagnesemia is frequently encountered in hospitalized patients and is seen most often in patients admitted to intensive care units. The detection of Mg deficiency can be increased by measuring Mg concentration in the urine or using the parenteral Mg load test. Hypomagnesemia may arise from various disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, conditions affecting Mg renal handling, or cellular redistribution of Mg. The gastrointestinal causes include the following: protein-calorie malnutrition, the intravenous administration of Mg-free fluids and total parenteral nutrition, chronic watery diarrhea and steatorrhea, short bowel syndrome, bowel fistula, continuous nasogastric suctioning, and, rarely, primary familial Mg malabsorption. The renal causes include Bartter''s and Gitelman''s syndrome, post obstructive diuresis, post acute tubular necrosis, renal transplantation, and interstitial nephropathy. Many therapeutic agents cause renal Mg wasting and subsequent deficiency. These include loop and thiazide diuretics, aminoglycosides, cisplatin, pentamidine, and foscarnet. Magnesium deficiency is seen frequently in alcoholics and diabetic patients, in whom a combination of factors contributes to its pathogenesis. Hypomagnesemia is known to produce a wide variety of clinical presentations, including neuromuscular irritability, cardiac arrhythmias, and increased sensitivity to digoxin. Refractory hypokalemia and hypocalcemia can be caused by concomitant hypomagnesemia and can be corrected with Mg therapy. The dose and route of administration of Mg in the treatment of hypomagnesemia is dictated by the clinical presentation, the degree of Mg deficiency, and the renal function.
Excellente synthèse sur le déficit magnésique et ses implications physiopathologiques. Par rapport à d'autres articles sur le même sujet, les déficits secondaires à diverses hypermagnésuries sont particulièrement bien étudiés dans cette revue bibliographique : rôle des facteurs métaboliques et endocriniens, tubulopathies diverses (syndrômes de Bartter, de Gitelman)1998 - Changes caused by mineral water on gastrointestinal motility in patients with chronic idiopathic dyspepsia.
BACKGROUND:
The antidyspeptic property of mineral waters has been based for ages on empirical data. In the present paper the effects of one of them (Tettuccio, Montecatini) on gastrointestinal motility of patients with dyspepsia has been evaluated.
METHOD:
The study was carried out on 24 patients with idiopathic dyspepsia and delayed gastric emptying at scintigraphy and 18 healthy subjects with normal gastric emptying. The gastric emptying of this mineral water was studied with a scintigraphic method in comparison with tap water, while its effects on gastroduodenal contractions were evaluated by of manometry.
RESULTS:
The gastric emptying of this mineral water was significantly faster than that of tap water, both in dyspeptic patients and in normals. Manometric examination showed that the administration of mineral water induced a brief decrease of phasic motor activity, followed by a progressive increase, which in some cases ended in an activity front of the Migrating Motor Complex.
CONCLUSION:
This mineral water has a stimulating effect on both gastric emptying and interdigestive cyclic motor activity of the gastroduodenal tract. Both these effects could be useful in the treatment of chronic idiopathic dyspepsia and impaired gut clearing.
Des études scintigraphiques et manométriques indiquent qu'une eau minérale (= Tettuccio, Montecatini) aurait la propriété de significativement augmenter la vitesse de la vidange gastrique et la motricité gastro-duodénale, comparativement à l'eau du robinet, aussi bien chez des sujets normaux que chez des patients souffrant de dyspepsie iodiopathique.1999 - Selenium in intensive care medicine.
Since selenium was discovered as an essential trace element being widely distributed, and since glutathione peroxidase is known as a selenoenzyme, associations with several severe diseases were established (Keshan disease, Kaschin-Beck syndrome). Despite these known selenium deficiency diseases a related human therapy is still not established so far. In veterinary medicine, however, substitution of selenium is already a standard therapy. Our laboratory investigates the role of selenium since 1990. This includes investigations about the effects of selenium in acute inflammatory diseases in intensive care, in the reperfusion phenomenon following vascular surgery, and in oncology. In acute pancreatitis and sepsis, adjuvant therapy using sodium selenite seems to have positive effects on the overall outcome of patients (a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial on sepsis is being prepared). New findings concerning the influence of selenium on transcription factors in inflammatory processes will permit a scientifically sound interpretation of clinical results. With further investigations in molecular biology the trace element selenium will become, in the next decade, one of the most interesting topics in intensive care and oncology.
Cet article souligne le rôle favorable du sélénium pour de nombreuses fonctions biologiques. Il évoque en particulier ses effets favorables dans le cadre de maladies inflammatoires aiguës.2000 - Effect of iron therapy on the whole blood platelet aggregation in infants with iron deficiency anemia.
This study was performed to investigate the platelet aggregation alterations in whole blood samples of infants with iron deficiency anemia. Platelet aggregation induced by various concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen was studied with impedance aggregometry in 25 patients before and after oral iron therapy and in 12 children of the control group. The posttreatment mean maximum aggregation values were significantly higher (p<0.01) and the posttreatment mean aggregation times were significantly lower (p <0.01) in the study group at all concentrations of ADP and collagen. The aggregation time and maximum aggregation values revealed no significant difference except for the maximum aggregation value at 5 microM ADP (p<0.05) between the study group after therapy and the control group. The differences between the pretreatment and posttreatment mean platelet counts and mean platelet volume values in the study group were statistically significant (p<0.01), whereas those values in the study group after therapy and in the control group were not significantly different. We conclude that iron deficiency anemia in infants, even without clinically meaningful platelet abnormality, may cause dysfunction of the ex vivo whole blood platelet aggregation, and can be reversed by iron therapy. Further studies should be carried out at the enzymatic level to determine whether this platelet aggregation dysfunction in iron deficiency anemia is due to a deficiency in the activation of iron- containing enzymes.
Les enfants qui ont une anémie par carence en fer souffrant d'altérations de la fonction d'agrégation des plaquettes. Ces anomalies sont totalement corrigées par la prise de fer. Ces anomalies sont liées à un déficit d'activation d'enzymes contenant du fer.2001 - History of zinc as related to brain function.
(abnormalities), GD (growth & development), PH (physiology)/ COGNITION/Zinc (Zn) is essential for synthesis of coenzymes that mediate biogenic-amine synthesis and metabolism. Zn from vesicles in presynaptic terminals of certain glutaminergic neurons modulates postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors for glutamate. Large amounts of Zn released from vesicles by seizures or ischemia can kill postsynaptic neurons. Acute Zn deficiency impairs brain function of experimental animals and humans. Zn deficiency in experimental animals during early brain development causes malformations, whereas deficiency later in brain development causes microscopic abnormalities and impairs subsequent function. A limited number of studies suggest that similar phenomena can occur in humans.
Le déficit en zinc chez l'animal entraîne des troubles du développement du cerveau car le zinc est essentiel pour la synthèse des enzymes qui sont nécessaires à la synthèse d'acides aminés. Un petit nombre d'études suggère des phénomènes similaires dans l'espèce humaine.2002 - Anemia, iron and pregnancy outcome.
When maternal anemia is diagnosed before midpregnancy, it has been associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery. Maternal anemia detected during the later stages of pregnancy, especially the third trimester, often reflects the expected (and necessary) expansion of maternal plasma volume. Third-trimester anemia usually is not associated with increased risk of preterm delivery. High hemoglobin concentration, elevated hematocrit and increased levels of serum ferritin late in pregnancy, however, all have been associated with increased preterm delivery. This increased risk may reflect in part the failure to expand maternal plasma volume adequately, thus diminishing appropriate placental perfusion. Although controlled trials of iron supplementation during pregnancy have consistently demonstrated positive effects on maternal iron status at delivery, they have not demonstrated reductions in factors that are associated with maternal anemia, i.e., increased risk of preterm delivery and infant low birth weight. One reason for discordant findings may be the exclusion of many gravidas with iron deficiency from these trials or the data concerning gravidas with pregnancy outcomes such as preterm delivery from the analysis. Finally, recent concerns have been voiced about harmful effects of iron supplementation during pregnancy. No adverse effects of iron supplementation on pregnancy outcome have been demonstrated to date. Questions about the efficacy of iron supplementation during pregnancy for reducing adverse outcomes such as preterm delivery and side effects from iron supplementation, including the potential for oxidation of lipids and DNA, require further research in iron-deficient women.
Revue de la littérature sur les bénéfices de la supplémentation martiale de la femme enceinte. La critique des articles existants est trop sévère mais permet de mieux évaluer chaque travail. Il souligne la nécessité de nouveaux travaux.2003 - Time course of and effect of dietary iron level on iron incorporation into erythrocytes by infants.
As a part of our effort to explore various aspects of ferrokinetics in infancy, the present study was designed to determine the timing of entry of an orally ingested iron isotope into circulating erythrocytes, and the effect of the level of dietary iron (0.3 mg/100 kcal (418.4 kJ) vs. 1.8 mg/100 kcal) after isotope administration on erythrocyte incorporation of the isotope. We administered the stable isotope, (58)Fe, orally to 56-d-old and 168-d-old infants. All infants were fed a low-iron formula (LF) before and until 5 h after isotope administration. Thereafter, half the infants were fed a formula high in iron (HF group) while the remaining infants continued to receive the LF (LF group) for an additional 28 d. The quantity of (58)Fe in circulating erythrocytes increased from 14 to 28 d after isotope administration was nearly constant from 28 through 84 d of age (plateau value) and decreased between 84 and 112 d. Erythrocyte incorporation of (58)Fe was greater by the 168-d-old infants than by the 56-d-old infants, presumably because of the lesser iron stores of the older infants. In the 56-d-old infants, erythrocyte incorporation of (58)Fe was greater by the LF than by the HF group, but this difference was not significant in the 168-d-old infants. Thus, at least in younger infants, the level of iron intake after administration of an iron isotope affects erythrocyte incorporation of the isotope. The fact that less isotope was present in erythrocytes 112 d than 84 d after administration indicates that the life span of erythrocytes of infants, even beyond the immediate newborn period, is less than the 120-d life span of erythrocytes in the adult.
Incorporation du fer dans les globules rouges chez les enfants, étude avec du fer isotopique. Résultats et commentaires.2004 - Bone-fracture incidence rate in two Italian regions with different fluoride concentration levels in drinking water.
The effect of the fluoride concentration in drinking water on the prevention of fractures related to osteoporosis has been questioned or contradicted in several recent studies. These studies have been mostly performed using water with artificially added fluoride, at the optimum level of about 1 mg/l. In the present study authors have investigated the effect of equal or greater fluoride concentrations (mean 1.45 mg/l) naturally present in waters supplied for human consumption to a population of 72.756 (Bracciano county), in comparison with a population of 126.189 (Avezzano county), supplied with low fluoride concentration water (mean 0.05 mg/l). The incidence of fractures in the years 1990 and 1991 was evaluated in the two areas (Bracciano and Avezzano), which are located in central Italy and where population have a similar life style, economic and social level and employment structure. The incidence data were obtained from the registers of the public hospital taken as a reference in each district. The authors noticed a significantly greater rate of fracture incidence at several parts of the body, in particular femur fractures (relative risks for males 4.28 and for females 2.64), in the population of the district of Avezzano than in the population of Bracciano. The greater concentration of fluoride in waters distributed for human consumption in Bracciano district seems to have the effect of protecting its inhabitants against fractures.
Enquête épidémiologique rétrospective portant sur 72 756 habitants d'une région d'Italie à eau riche en fluor (1,45 mg/L) et 126 189 habitants d'une région à eau pauvre en fluor (0,05 mg/L). La fréquence des fractures osseuses, notamment du col du fémur, est significativement plus grande dans la région dont l'eau est pauvre en fluor. Bien que ces deux régions du Centre Italie puissent être comparables, il semble difficile d'attribuer la plus faible fréquence des fractures au seul fluor de l'eau, d'autres facteurs confondants pouvant aussi intervenir. Message pratique : l'eau riche en fluor semble avoir un effet protecteur vis à vis des fractures osseuses, mais cette conclusion devra être confirmée.2005 - Anemia and iron deficiency: Effects on pregnancy outcome.
This article reviews current knowledge of the effects of maternal anemia and iron deficiency on pregnancy outcome. A considerable amount of information remains to be learned about the benefits of maternal iron supplementation on the health and iron status of the mother and her child during pregnancy and postpartum. Current knowledge indicates that iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm delivery and subsequent low birth weight, and possibly for inferior neonatal health. Data are inadequate to determine the extent to which maternal anemia might contribute to maternal mortality. Even for women who enter pregnancy with reasonable iron stores, iron supplements improve iron status during pregnancy and for a considerable length of time postpartum, thus providing some protection against iron deficiency in the subsequent pregnancy. Mounting evidence indicates that maternal iron deficiency in pregnancy reduces fetal iron stores, perhaps well into the first year of life. This deserves further exploration because of the tendency of infants to develop iron deficiency anemia and because of the documented adverse consequences of this condition on infant development. The weight of evidence supports the advisability of routine iron supplementation during pregnancy.
Bonne mise au point sur les besoins de la femme enceinte en fer. L'intérêt semble bien concerner les femmes ayant des grossesses rapprochées.2006 - Nutritional status and food intake in adolescents living in Western Europe.
This review covers surveys of nutritional intake in adolescents living in several countries of Western Europe. Current definitions of nutritional status are discussed, with a special emphasis on adolescent years. It is generally observed that obesity rates are increasing (especially those of massive obesity) in young people, whereas declared energy intakes are decreasing. Average daily energy input seems adequate in adolescents of Western Europe. However, fat (especially saturated) intake is high while that of CHO and fiber is low. Proteins are mainly (two-thirds) from animal sources. Average micronutrient intakes correspond to recommended values in most cases, but there are a few exceptions (calcium and iron) that are low, particularly in girls. Specific problems become frequent at adolescence, such as dieting, smoking, getting low quality foods away from the home, etc. These behaviors may induce adverse nutritional conditions. On average, nutritional problems at adolescence do not appear to be more severe than at other ages, however they may exert a strong deleterious impact on future health.
Cette revue envisage le statut nutritionnel macro et micro-nutritionnel des adolescents de différents pays d'Europe occidentale. Une consommation élevée de graisses (surtout saturées) est soulignée, avec corrélativement une faible consommation de glucides et de fibres. En ce qui concerne les micro-nutriments, les filles ont un faible apport de fer et de calcium.2007 - The structure of aquaporins.
The ubiquitous members of the aquaporin (AQP) family form transmembrane pores that are either exclusive for water (aquaporins) or are also permeable for other small neutral solutes such as glycerol (aquaglyceroporins). The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our current knowledge of AQP structures and to describe the structural features that define the function of these membrane pores. The review will discuss the mechanisms governing water conduction, proton exclusion and substrate specificity, and how the pore permeability is regulated in different members of the AQP family.
2008 - Consequences of iron deficiency in pregnant women. Current issues.
Pregnant women constitute a high-risk group for iron deficiency. This may be explained by the high iron requirements during gestation. Although iron deficiency is mainly a problem in developing countries, dietary iron intakes, even in developed countries, are too low to meet iron needs during pregnancy. Indeed, most pregnant women start their gestation with low or totally depleted iron stores. Existing data suggest that maternal iron deficiency, and particularly iron- deficiency anaemias, may be associated with detrimental effects on maternal and infant function, and particularly with a higher risk of preterm delivery and delivery of low birthweight neonates. Although further research on the consequences of maternal iron deficiency for maternal and infant health is warranted, current evidence suggests that a major effort is needed to prevent iron deficiency and anaemia during pregnancy.
Généralités sur les nécessités de supplémentation martiale chez la femme enceinte.2009 - General nutrition for the reproductive aged woman.
To achieve adequate nutrition, one must understand the components of energy expenditure and the recommended daily allowances (RDAs) of the six essential nutrient groups: (1) carbohydrates, (2) proteins (with nine essential amino acids), (4) fat and water-soluble vitamins, (5) minerals, and (6) water, as well as fiber. The requirement of a nutrient is defined as the minimum intake that will maintain health and normal function. The criteria used to set RDAs differ according to age, sex, and physiologic status of the population and according to the function of the nutrient and the ability of the body to store the nutrient.
Cet article fait le point sur les définitions utilisées en nutrition. Un article incontournable pour pouvoir en parler.2010 - Effect of different carbohydrate drinks on whole body carbohydrate storage after exhaustive exercise.
Seven untrained male subjects participated in a double-blind, crossover study conducted to determine the efficacy of different carbohydrate drinks in promoting carbohydrate storage in the whole body and skeletal muscle during recovery from exhaustive exercise. The postabsorptive subjects first completed an exercise protocol designed to deplete muscle fibers of glycogen, then consumed 330 ml of one of three carbohydrate drinks (18.5% glucose polymer, 18.5% sucrose, or 12% sucrose/ wt/vol) and also received a primed constant infusion of (1-(13)C)glucose for 2 h. Nonoxidative glucose disposal (3.51 0.28, 18.5% glucose polymer/ 2.96 0.32, 18.5% sucrose/ 2.97 0.16, 12% sucrose/ all mmol. kg(-1). h(-1)) and storage of muscle glycogen (5.31 1.11, 18.5% glucose polymer/ 4.07 1.05, 18.5% sucrose/ 3.45 0.85, 12% sucrose/ all mmol. kg wet wt(-1). h (-1)/ P < 0.05) were greater after consumption of the glucose polymer drink than after either sucrose drink. The results suggest that the consumption of a glucose polymer drink (containing 61 g carbohydrate) promotes a more rapid storage of carbohydrate in the whole body, skeletal muscle in particular, than an isoenergetic sucrose drink.
L'intérêt de cet article est que les auteurs, utilisant une technique de marquage par isotope stable (C13-glucose), montrent qu'en phase de récupération d'un exercice ayant réduit le glycogène musculaire, les polymères de glucose sont plus efficaces que le saccharose à même concentration pour remonter le glycogène musculaire.2011 - Hyponatremia and hypernatremia in the elderly.
Management of abnormalities in water homeostasis is frequently challenging. Because age-related changes and chronic diseases are often associated with impairment of water metabolism in elderly patients, it is absolutely essential for clinicians to be aware of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia and hypernatremia in the elderly. The sensation of thirst, renal function, concentrating abilities and hormonal modulators of salt and water balance are often impaired in the elderly, which makes such patients highly susceptible to morbid and iatrogenic events involving salt and water. Clinicians should use a systematic approach in evaluating water and sodium problems, utilizing a comprehensive history and physical examination, and a few directed laboratory tests to make the clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, clinicians should have a clear appreciation of the roles that iatrogenic interventions and lapses in nutrition and nursing care frequently play in upsetting the homeostatic balance in elderly patients, particularly those who are in longterm institutional and inpatient settings.
Les médecins doivent surveiller (par des questions simples, des signes cliniques, et des dosages biologiques) l'équilibre hydrosodé de leurs patients âgés notamment ceux en institution.2012 - New nutrient intake recommendations are needed for childbearing.
British recommendations (DRVs and RNIs) include hardly any increments for pregnancy. British recommendations for protein are likely to cause unsatisfactory birthweight. What is the normal nutrient intake in pregnancy of healthy women? What evidence is there of special requirements for folate, iron, magnesium or iodine? New recommendations for nutrient intakes in pregnancy should be the responsibility of the Food Standards Agency and a survey of the diets of pregnant women is needed.
Cet éditorial est à replacer dans son contexte particulier de pays développé où l'équilibre alimentaire doit être privilégié. Les recommandations françaises ne concernent que le fer, où la supplémentation est considérée comme utile en cas de grossesses rapprochées surtout si la femme allaite. Notre position est somme toute proche des britanniques.2013 - Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
There is substantial evidence to support an important role for zinc in immune processes. Adequate zinc status is essential for T-cell division, maturation and differentiation/ lymphocyte response to mitogens/ programmed cell death of lymphoid and myeloid origins/ gene transcription/ and biomembrane function. Lymphocytes are one of the types of cells activated by zinc. Zinc is the structural component of a wide variety of proteins, neuropeptides, hormone receptors and polynucleotides. Among the best known zinc-dependent hormones/enzymes are Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, an enzyme component of the antioxidant defense system, and thymulin, which is essential for the formation of T-lymphocytes. In animals and humans, zinc deficiency results in rapid and marked atrophy of the thymus, impaired cell- mediated cutaneous sensitivity and lymphopenia. Primary and secondary antibody responses are reduced in zinc deficiency, particularly for those antigens that require T-cell help, such as those in heterologous red blood cells. In addition, antibody response and the generation of splenic cytotoxic T cells after immunization are reduced. Zinc also inhibits the production of tumor necrosis factor, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of cachexia and wasting in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Le zinc joue un rôle important dans les processus immunitaires. Le déficit en zinc altère la réponse des lymphocytes T aux mitogènes et l'activité de la thymuline, hormone secrétée par le thymus et essentielle pour la maturation des lymphocytes T. Compte tenu de l'immunodéficience qui caractérise l'infection à VIH, il était légitime de se demander si un déficit en zinc y jouait un rôle. En effet, les patients atteints du symptôme d'immunodéficience acquise (SIDA) ont des symptômes cliniques analogues à ceux observés dans les déficits en zinc. Leur concentration plasmatique du zinc est diminuée et parallèle à la progression de la maladie. Le rôle aggravant du déficit en zinc s'explique en partie par le fait que le zinc inhibe normalement le facteur de nécrose tumorale (TNF), dont le taux circulant est très élevé chez les patients parvenus au stade avancé du SIDA. De plus, le déficit en zinc réduit la production de l'interleukine 4 (IL-4) qui, elle-même, freine la production du TNF. Enfin, le déficit en zinc réduit l'activité de la superoxyde dismutase à cuivre et zinc (Cu-Zn SOD), ce qui diminue les défenses antioxydantes de l'organisme, alors que la production de radicaux oxydants est très élevée dans le SIDA. Bien que l'on sache qu'une supplémentation en zinc augmente les défenses immunitaires, peu de travaux ont jusqu'ici évalué les bénéfices éventuels d'une supplémentation en zinc chez les sujets atteints de SIDA. Néanmoins, il a été montré qu'un apport de zinc a permis d'augmenter le taux des cellules CD4, de stabiliser le poids et de réduire les injections opportunistes chez des patients atteints SIDA traités par zidovudine. Il apparaît donc important de mesurer le taux plasmatique du zinc chez les patients atteints d'infection à VIH et de les faire bénéficier d'une supplémentation adéquate, mais non excessive, en zinc, le niveau optimal à atteindre restant à déterminer.2014 - When and how to evaluate a patient with nephrolithiasis.
Nephrolithiasis is a common disorder that afflicts up to 12% of the population and continues to be a significant cause of patient injury. Evaluation of these patients should include the assessment of their comorbidities and underlying medical conditions. Patients who form stones can undergo a streamlined evaluation. A cause can be found in more than 90% of these patients. With medical treatment, stone- recurrence rates can be decreased by 85% for calcium oxalate stone formation, which affects a large proportion of patients
INTRODUCTION:
of nonspecific medical therapy in uncomplicated calcium stone disease may improve the quality of life for these patients and allow utilization a simple diagnostic protocol. This is in contrast to the previous recommendations of disease-specific therapy. Because patients without complications represent the majority of those who form stones, a simplified approach greatly reduces the cost of evaluation and treatment. Underlying medical conditions, however, require disease-specific therapy. The protocol represented here should aid physicians and patients in the approach to management of stone disease. The fasting calcium-load test is not required, and the entire evaluation can be performed in an ambulatory setting in two visits. Two 24-hour urine samples should be obtained on a random and restricted diet. Patients who form calcium stones can be subdivided into those who form hypercalciuric and normocalciuric stones. Patients who form normocalciuric stones are treated with conservative measures (increased fluid intake) and potassium and magnesium citrate. Patients who form hypercalciuric stones are treated with a combination of thiazides and potassium and magnesium citrate.
Excellente revue générale sur la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique du patient atteint de lithiase rénale, en fonction des acquis les plus récents. Les auteurs distinguent à juste titre la lithiase calcique non compliquée, qui constitue la grande majorité des cas et pour laquelle une exploration simplifiée, de première intention, est suffisante, des lithiases compliquées, pour lesquelles une exploration plus approfondie, de seconde intention, est nécessaire. Ils excluent de leur protocole de première intention le test de Pak, et proposent pour la lithiase calcique commune un schéma de traitement simple, fondé sur la diurèse, le réajustement alimentaire et le citrate de potassium chez les patients normocalciuriques, avec si besoin adjonction d'un diurétique thiazidique en cas d'hypercalciurie.2015 - Role of macronutrients/vitamins and minerals in tile aetiology of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oesophagus.
Between 1992 and 1997 we conducted a case-control study of oesophageal cancer in 3 areas of northern Italy. Cases were 304 patients (29 women), ages 39-77 years (median age 60 years), with a first incident squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oesophagus. Controls were 743 patients (150 women), ages 35-77 years (median age 60 years), admitted for acute illnesses, unrelated to tobacco and alcohol, to major hospitals of the areas under surveillance. We derived estimates of daily dietary intake of 15 macronutrients, cholesterol, and 20 micronutrients or minerals from a validated food- frequency questionnaire, including 78 food groups and recipes and 15 questions on individual eating patterns. After allowance for age, gender, area of residence, education, body mass index, physical activity, smoking habit, alcohol consumption and energy intake, most micronutrients were inversely associated with oesophageal SCC risk. Highly significant associations emerged for monounsaturated fatty acids (odds ratio (OR) in highest vs. lowest intake quintile = 0.5)/ carotene (OR = 0.3)/ lutein + zeaxanthin (OR = 0.4)/ vitamin C (OR = 0.4)/ and niacin (OR = 0.5). Only retinol appeared to be positively related to risk (OR = 1.9). The effect of the above nutrients, expressed as ORs, appeared to be similar in non-smokers and smokers, and non/light drinkers and heavy drinkers.
Les auteurs ont étudié les relations entre les habitudes alimentaires et le risque de cancer de l'œsophage dans 3 régions du Nord de l'Italie. L'étude, de type cas/témoins, a porté sur 304 patients (90 % de sexe masculin, médiane d'âge 60 ans) atteints de cancer de l'œsophage et sur 743 témoins (80 % de sexe masculin, médiane d'âge 60 ans) hospitalisés pour des affections sans relation avec le tabagisme ou l'alcoolisme. Les apports en macro et micro nutriment ont été analysés à partir de questionnaires alimentaires détaillés. Après ajustement sur tous les facteurs associés, notamment l'âge, le sexe et la consommation de tabac et d'alcool, il est apparu une association hautement significative entre un moindre risque de cancer de l'œsophage et une consommation élevée de graisses mono-insaturées (telles que l'huile d'olive), de carotène, de vitamine C et de niacine, tandis que le rétinol est apparu associé au risque. Les effets de ces nutriments sont apparus similaires chez les fumeurs et les non-fumeurs, de même que chez les consommateurs ou les non-consommateurs d'alcool.2016 - Nutritional factors/and infectious/disease contribute to anemia among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus in Tanzania.
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to identify risk factors for anemia among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Baseline data from 1064 women enrolled in a clinical trial on the effect of vitamin supplementation in HIV infection were examined to identify potential determinants of anemia. The mean hemoglobin (Hb) level was 94 g/L, and the prevalence of severe anemia (Hb < 85 g/L) was 28%/ 83% of the women had Hb < 110 g/L. Iron deficiency and infectious disease appeared to be the predominant causes of anemia. Significant independent associations with severe anemia were observed for women with body mass index (BMI) < 19 kg/m2 compared with women with BMI > 24 kg/m2 (odds ratio (OR) 3.13, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.37-7.14)/ malaria parasite densities > 1000/mm3 (OR 2.70, Cl:1.58-4.61) compared with women with no parasites/ eating soil during early pregnancy (OR 2.47, Cl: 1.66-3.69)/ CD4+ cell count < 200/muL compared with CD4+ count > 500/muL (OR 2.70, Cl: 1.42- 5.12)/ and serum retinol levels < 70 mumol/L (OR 2.45, Cl: 1.44-4.17) compared with women with retinol levels > 1.05 mumol/L. The most significant risk factors associated with severe anemia in this population are preventable. Public health recommendations include increasing the effectiveness of iron supplementation and malaria management during pregnancy, and providing health education messages that increase awareness of the potentially adverse nutritional consequences of eating soil during pregnancy.
Cet article apporte peu d'éléments nouveaux. Son intérêt est de démontrer, s'il était encore nécessaire, la plus grande fragilité des femmes atteintes du virus HIV.2017 - Zinc supplementation and stunted infants in Ethiopia: a randomised controlled trial.
BACKGROUND:
Stunting is highly prevalent in Ethiopia and many other developing countries but the reason for it is poorly understood. Zinc is essential for growth but diets in such countries often do not contain zinc in sufficient quantity or of sufficient bioavailability. Thus zinc deficiency may play a major role in stunting. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the low rate of linear growth of apparently healthy breastfed infants in a rural village in Ethiopia could be improved by zinc supplementation.
METHOD:
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was done on apparently healthy breastfed infants aged 6-12 months. 100 non-stunted (length-for-age, Z score < -2) were matched for age and sex with 100 randomly selected stunted (> -2) infants. Infants, both stunted and non stunted, were matched by sex, age (within 2 months) and recumbent length (within 3 cm) for random assignment, to receive a zinc supplement (10 mg zinc per day, as zinc sulphate) or placebo, 6 days a week for 6 months. Anthropometric measurements were taken monthly, data on illness and appetite were collected daily, and samples of serum and hair were taken at the end of the intervention for the analysis of zinc.
FINDINGS:
The length of stunted infants increased significantly more (p<0.001) when supplemented with zinc (7.0 cm (SE 1.1)) than with placebo (2.8 cm (0.9))/ and the effect was greater (p<0.01) than in non-stunted infants (6.6 (0.9) vs 5.0 (0.8) cm for the zinc and placebo groups respectively, p<0.01). Zinc supplementation also increased the weight of stunted children (1.73 (0.39) vs 0.95 (0.39) kg for the corresponding placebo group, p<0.001) and of non-stunted children (1.19 (0.39) vs 1.02 (0.32) kg for the corresponding placebo group, p<0.05). Zinc supplementation resulted in a markedly lower incidence of anorexia and morbidity from cough, diarrhoea, fever, and vomiting in the stunted children. The total number of these conditions per child was 1.56 and 1.11 in the stunted and non-stunted zinc supplemented children versus 3.38 and 1.64 in the stunted and non-stunted placebo-treated children, respectively. At the end of the intervention period, the concentrations of zinc in serum and hair of stunted infants, who had not been supplemented with zinc, were lower than the respective concentrations of zinc in serum and hair of their non-stunted counterparts.
INTERPRETATION:
Combating zinc deficiency can increase the growth rate of stunted children to that of non- stunted infants in rural Ethiopia. This would appear to be due, at least in part, to reduction in morbidity from infection and increased appetite.
Certains problèmes cutanés (avec aspect de "flétrissement" de la personne) sont fréquents chez les enfants de pays en voie de développement. Si la raison n'est pas connue, le zinc (Zn) est suspecté. Cette étude avait pour objet d'analyser les effets d'une supplémentation en zinc, chez de tels enfants plus ou moins bien nourris au sein. Une série de bénéfices (taille, poids, anorexie, épisodes de toux...) furent constatés grâce à une supplémentation en zinc adaptée.2018 - Calcium and magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from breast cancer.
The relationship between mortality from breast cancer and the levels of calcium and magnesium in drinking water was examined using an ecological design. The study area consisted of 252 municipalities in Taiwan. Data on the levels of calcium and magnesium in drinking water were collected from the Taiwan Water Supply Corporation (TWSC). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASR) for breast cancer (1982-1991) was compared among municipalities with different levels of magnesium and calcium in drinking water. Weighted multivariate regression analysis was used and after adjusting for fertility rates and urbanization, there was a significant inverse relationship between the levels of calcium and magnesium in drinking water and risk of death from breast cancer.
Ce travail étudie la relation entre décès par cancer du sein et taux de calcium (Ca) et de magnésium (Mg) dans l'eau de boisson, dans 252 villes de Taiwan. Les résultats montrent une relation inverse et significative entre les taux de Ca et de Mg et le risque de mort par ce cancer.2019 - Study of magnesium and calcium levels of plasma and within erythrocyte before and after magnesium sulfate treatment in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension.
OBJECTIVE:
To study the changes of calcium and magnesium levels in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and the therapeutic effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4).
METHOD:
The calcium and magnesium levels in plasma and erythrocytes of 36 patients with PIH and 14 healthy gravidi in their late pregnancy were determined and the changes after 4 hours infusion of MgSO4 as well.
RESULTS:
Plasma calcium decreased significantly in moderate and severe PIH patients, but calcium increased and magnesium decreased in their erythrocytes. After MgSO4 infusion for PIH, magnesium levels in both plasma and erythrocytes increased, while calcium increased in plasma and decreased in erythrocyte to normal levels.
CONCLUSIONS:
Magnesium deficiency is the basis of calcium and magnesium disturbances in PIH, and MgSO4 treatment may improve the situation effectively.
Une corrélation est trouvée. Elle est intéressante. L'étiopathogénie n'est pourtant pas résolue.2020 - Catechin contents of foods commonly consumed in The Netherlands. 2. Tea, wine, fruit juices, and chocolate milk.
Catechins, compounds that belong to the flavonoid class, are potentially beneficial to human health. To enable an epidemiological evaluation of catechins, data on their contents in foods are required. HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection was used to determine the levels of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (+)- gallocatechin (GC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg), and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) in 8 types of black tea, 18 types of red and white wines, apple juice, grape juice, iced tea, beer, chocolate milk, and coffee. Tea infusions contained high levels of catechins (102-418 mg of total catechins/L), and tea was the only beverage that contained GC, EGC, ECg, and EGCg in addition to (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. Catechin concentrations were still substantial in red wine (27-96 mg/L), but low to negligible amounts were found in white wine, commercially available fruit juices, iced tea, and chocolate milk. Catechins were absent from beer and coffee. The data reported here provide a base for the epidemiological evaluation of the effect of catechins on the risk for chronic diseases.
Afin de servir de base à des études épidémiologiques sur les effets bénéfiques des catechines et des molécules similaires leur teneur a été mesurée dans divers thés, vins, bière, pas de fruits et lait chocolaté. Seules les infusions de thé contenaient ces dérivés des flavonoïdes (102-418 mg/l) aussi le vin rouge, mais seulement 27-96 mg/l.2021 - Lunch eating behavior of preschool children: Effects of age, gender, and type of beverage served.
To examine the eating behavior of preschool children offered chocolate- flavored or plain milk at lunch, food consumption by 135 children, aged 18-66 months, was measured. Four different menus were served six times during a 12- week period, each menu being presented twice with each of three test beverages, plain milk (18.1 kcal/oz), sucrose-sweetened chocolate milk (29.4 kcal/oz), or aspartame- sweetened chocolate milk (18.6 kcal/oz). The type of milk beverage served had no significant effect on the consumption of other food items offered at that meal. Subjects did drink significantly more chocolate milk than plain milk during all meals and consequently consumed significantly more energy during those meals in which sucrose-sweetened chocolate milk was served. A macronutrient analysis of lunchtime food intake for each menu revealed significant differences in protein, fat, and carbohydrate content among the four menus. Older children consumed significantly more milk and more energy per lunchtime meal than did younger preschoolers, but no other consistent age-related differences were observed. No significant gender differences were detected in any of the statistical analyses conducted. These findings suggest that young children do not reduce the intake of other food items at a meal to compensate for the increased energy intake that results from excessive sucrose-sweetened milk consumption. Aspartame-sweetened milk increases milk intake in small children without providing them with the additional calories of sucrose-sweetened milk.
Les aliments pris au cours du lunch chez des enfants d'âge préscolaire en fonction de l'âge. Les adaptations au besoin, étude de 4 menus différents avec 3 boissons différentes.2022 - Low dose oral iodized oil for control of iodine deficiency in children.
In areas where iodized salt is not available, oral iodized oil is often used to correct I deficiency despite a lack of consensus on the optimal dose or duration of effect, particularly in children, a main target group. Annual doses ranging from 400 to 1000 mg have been advocated for school-age children. Because lower doses of iodized oil have been shown to be effective in treating I deficiency in adults, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a low dose of oral iodized oil in goitrous I-deficient children. Goitrous children (n 104, mean age 8.4 years, range 6-12 years, 47% female) received 0.4 ml oral iodized poppyseed-oil containing 200 mg I. Baseline measurements included I in spot urines (UI), serum thyroxine (T4), whole blood thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid-gland volume using ultrasound. At 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 50 weeks post-intervention, UI, TSH and T4 were measured. At 10, 15, 30 and 50 weeks, thyroid-gland volume was remeasured. At 30 and 50 weeks the mean percentage change in thyroid volume from baseline was -35% and -41% respectively. The goitre rate fell to 38% at 30 weeks and 17% at 50 weeks. No child showed signs of I-induced hypo- or hyperthyroidism. UI remained significantly increased above baseline for the entire year (P < 0.001)/ the median UI at 50 weeks was 97 mug /l, at the World Health Organization cut-off value (100 mug/l) for I- deficiency disorders risk. In this group of goitrous children, an oral dose of 200 mg I as Lipiodol (Guerbert, Roissy CdG Cedex, France) was safe and effective for treating goitre and maintaining normal I status for at least 1 year.
Intérêt de l'huile iodée pour le traitement des goitres de l'enfant. Aucun enfant sous traitement n'a présenté des signes d'hypo ou d'hyperthyroïdie.2023 - Urban-rural comparison of nutrient intake by adult women in Shaanxi Province/China.
Triplet surveys were conducted in the city of Xi'' an and two villages (one in the vicinity and the other at a distance) in Shaanxi Province in China in October-November (when agricultural activities were low), 1997, to elucidate nutrient intakes with a focus on possible urban- rural differences. Total food duplicate samples were collected from non-smoking and non-habitually drinking adult healthy women (about 50 subjects per site and 149 in total). The nutrient intakes were estimated from the weight of food items in reference to national food composition tables. On average, the women took 1873 kcal energy, 54 g protein and 37 g lipid per day, with a lipid energy ratio of 18.4%. Both excess and insufficient energy intake was observed as a result of food intake analysis and body mass index determination. With regard to minor nutrient intakes, insufficiency was serious in the case of calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B2, but not with iron. Whereas dependency on plant foods for sources of energy and protein was common to the three regions, Xi'' an people consumed more animal foods than those in the villages. Intake of fish and shellfish was quite low throughout the three regions. Among the four types of cereals, wheat was consumed most substantially in the three regions and in three meals (except for the village where people essentially did not take lunch in reflection of low agricultural activities), whereas rice was consumed more in Xi'' an than in the two villages. Maize consumption was higher in the two villages (especially for breakfast) than in the city. In contrast, foxtail millet (although in small amounts) was taken primarily in Xi'' an and only at the time of breakfast.
Cet article présente les résultats d'une enquête alimentaire réalisée en Octobre-Novembre 1997 en Chine, d'une part en zone urbaine et d'autre part dans deux localisations rurales (n = 149 au total). Cette enquête met en évidence une insuffisance des apports en calcium, vitamine A, vitamine B12, mais non en fer.2024 - Calcium transport from mineral waters across caco-2 cells.
In the present study the absorption of calcium from 13 different mineral waters has been examined. For this purpose the mineral waters were first digested in vitro by simulating gastric and intestinal digestion. Afterward, the absolute and fractional transport rates of calcium from these digested solutions across human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell monolayers grown on bicameral filters were measured
RESULTS:
showed that the fractional transport rates for calcium lie between 1.65 and 6.72% after 90 min of incubation time. The absolute transport values varied between 90.4 and 624.7 pmol/(min x cm(2)). The transport values (pmol/(min x cm(2))) for calcium from the mineral waters were in general not concentration dependent, showing neither signs of saturation kinetics nor unsaturable uptake mechanisms. In addition, the fractional transport rates from mineral waters with similar calcium concentrations were greatly different in some cases. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that calcium bioavailability from mineral waters could vary dependent on probably several factors.
Utilisation d'une culture de cellules d'adénocarcinome colique pour mettre en évidence le transport de calcium provenant de 13 eaux minérales contenant de 18 à 261 mg/l de calcium.2025 - Food intake/dietary habits and nutritional status of the population of Reus (X): Evolution of the diet and the contribution of macronutrients to energy intake (1983-1999) by age and sex.
BACKGROUND:
To study the evolution of the diet and the nutritional intake between 1983 and 1999, by age and sex.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
We performed a series of analysis of the food intake on a representative sample of the population of Reus (aged 10-69 years). Dietary intake was estimated using the 24-hours recall method. In 1999 the sample size was 839 individuals, 41% of them having taken part in the studies since 1983
RESULTS:
are shown as mean (standard deviation).
RESULTS:
In 1999, the energy intake was 2524 (582) kcal in men aged 35-44 years (n = 57), and 1827 (490) kcal in women (n = 95) (p < 0.001 between sexes). The energy intake decreases with age (significant trend (p < 0.001) between 15-69 years) and it is higher in men than in women in all the age groups studied. When comparing similar age groups, we observe that this energy intake has not changed significantly since 1983. Between 1983 and 1999 the contribution of the macronutrients to the total energy intake has become more similar between ages and sexes. In 1999, in men aged 35-44 years a 15.6% of the energy came from proteins, 42% from fat and 42.5% from carbohydrates/ in women of the same age: a 17.3% of the energy came from proteins, 42.4% from fat and 40.3% from carbohydrates). During this period we observed, however, remarkable changes in the diet which imply the increasing participation of the dairy products, vegetables and meat in the energy intake, or the significant decrease of the role of tubers, eggs and visible fat.
CONCLUSION:
Our population maintains an energy intake without significant changes, and it presents a trend towards a progressive uniformity of the nutritional balance between the different ages and sexes, although there are significant changes in some components of the diet.
Les enquêtes nutritionnelles réalisées ne montrent pas de différences significatives dans la consommation énergétique moyenne des différents groupes étudiés entre 1983 et 1999 mais des différences significatives ont été constatées pour certains nutriments.2026 - Skeletal muscle magnesium and potassium in asthmatics treated with oral beta 2-agonists.
Dietary magnesium has been shown to be important for lung function and bronchial reactivity. Interest in electrolytes in asthma has so far mainly been focused upon serum potassium, especially linked to beta 2-agonist treatment. It is known that serum levels of magnesium and potassium may not correctly reflect the intracellular status. We therefore investigated whether asthmatics treated with oral beta 2-agonists had low magnesium or potassium in skeletal muscle and serum, and whether withdrawal of the oral beta 2-agonists would improve the electrolyte levels. Magnesium and potassium levels in skeletal muscle biopsies, serum and urine were analysed in 20 asthmatics before and 2 months after withdrawal of long-term oral beta 2-agonists, and for comparison in 10 healthy subjects. Skeletal muscle magnesium in the asthmatics was lower both before (3.62 +/- 0.69 mmol.100 g-1 (mean +/- SD)) and after (3.43 +/- 0.60 mmol.100 g-1) withdrawal of oral beta 2-agonists compared with the controls (4.43 +/- 0.74 mmol.100 g-1). Skeletal muscle potassium and serum magnesium did not differ between the groups. Serum potassium was significantly lower both before (4.0 +/- 0.2 mmol.L-1) and after (3.9 +/- 0.2 mmol.L-1) the withdrawal of oral beta 2-agonists compared with the control group (4.2 +/- 0.2 mmol.L-1). The asthmatics had lower skeletal muscle magnesium and lower serum potassium than the healthy controls, both with and without oral beta 2-agonists. Whether the findings are related to asthma pathophysiology or treatment is currently being investigated.
Le Mg est important pour la fonction pulmonaire et la réactivité bronchique. Cette étude indique que les taux de Mg musculaire et de potassium sérique sont plus faibles chez les asthmatiques que chez les volontaires sains et ce avec ou sans traitement par des bêta 2 agonistes. La signification physiopathologique des résultats est cependant incertaine.2027 - Dietary management of urolithiasis.
Within thu United States, 5% to 15% of the population will have a symptomatic episode of a stone within the urinary tract by the age of 70. At least 50% of these individuals will have recurrent stone formation if left untreated. The composition of urine from wich these stones are formed and in which they grow is, in part, dependent on diet, including fluid intake. The volume of urine is an important determinant of solute concentration. Ionic strength, pH, and the concentration of the major ionic species present in urine determine the level of saturation for any crystal system that could be precipitating. There are many conditions that can be complicated by the formation of calculi within the urinary tract. Identifying the dietary factors that are contributing to the problem are correcting these abnormalities are the foundations for good medical management. This review identifies dietary components that need to be considered in the management of affected patients and considers specific medical problems that may be especially influenced by diet and fluid intake.
Très bonne revue générale des principes du traitement diététique de la lithiase rénale. Les auteurs insistent, en particulier, sur l'importance d'une diurèse élevée, atteignant si possible 2,5 litres/jour chez l'homme et 2 litres/jour chez la femme, la prise de boissons étant bien répartie sur l'ensemble de la journée. Ils rappellent que l'apport optimal de calcium est compris entre 800 et 1000 mg / jour, et qu'un apport alimentaire supérieur à 1 g/jour entraîne une augmentation de la calciurie. Ils rappellent également l'effet lithogène d'un apport élevé en protéines animales, qui augmente l'excrétion urinaire du calcium, de l'acide urique et de l'oxalate.2028 - Higher urinary potassium is associated with decreaseing stone growth after shock wave lithotripsy.
PURPOSE:
We correlated serum and urinary biochemical parameters, with radiological evidence of stone growth after shock wave lithotripsy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
biochemical parameters in serum and 24-hours urine collections of 359 patients were correlated with stone growth for 2 years after shock wave lithotripsy. Each patient underwent a minimum of 2 radiological studies at 3 and 12 months and plain abdominal x-ray at 24 months. The presence and size of stones were documented by a radiologist in blinded fashion. Stone growth was defined as measurable growth of a preexisting stone or new stone formation.
RESULTS:
a total of 209 patients remained stone-free or had no existing stone growth, while stone size decreased in 30. Of the remaining 120 patients with stone growth 72 had new growth and 48 had growth of preexisting stones. Urinary excretion of potassium was significantly higher in those without than with stone growth (mean 24-hour urine collection plus or minus standard deviation 62 + 27 versus 54 + 23 mmol., p = 0.009). The only parameter significantly associated with stone growth was urinary potassium. Linear regression revealed that for each 10 unit increase in urinary potassium there was a corresponding 2mm. Decrease in stone growth (p = 0.013).
CONCLUSION:
Our results indicate that increased urinary potassium excretion correlates with a decreased risk of stone growth up to 2 years after shock wave lithotripsy, implying that a high potassium diet may be beneficial for preventing stone growth. The effect of potassium supplementation on stone formation and growth must be investigated further.
Les auteurs ont étudié les caractéristiques sanguines et urinaires de 359 patients lithiasiques traités par lithithotritie extracorporelle, les examens étant réalisés au cours des 24 heures précédant la lithotritie. Parmis ces patients, 239 sont restés indemnes de récidive lithiasique au cours des deux années suivantes, tandis que les 120 autres ont récidivé, sous forme de croissance de calculs préexistants ou de formation de nouveaux calculs. Il n'est apparu que deux différences entre les deux groupes : les patients restés indemnes de récidive avaient une citraturie un peu plus élevée, et une excrétion urinaire du potassium significativement plus élevée que les patients ayant récidivé. Les auteurs n'ayant pas mesuré l'excrétion d'urée urinaire (reflet de l'apport total en protéines), il est impossible de déterminer si cette kaliurèse plus élevée n'est que le reflet d'un régime plus "végétarien" et, par conséquent, moins riche en protéines animales, ou si un apport alimentaire plus élevé en potassium exerce un effet protecteur par lui-même.2029 - Estimation of the oxalate content of foods and daily oxalate intake.
The amount of oxalate ingested may be an important risk factors in the development of idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Reliable food tables listing the oxalate content of foods are currently not available. The aim of this research was to develop an accurate and reliable method to measure the food content of oxalate.
METHOD:
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and ion chromatography (IC) were compared as direct techniques for the estimation of the oxalate contents of foods. Foods were thoroughly homogenized in acid, heat extracted, and clarified by centrifugation and filtration before dilution in water for analysis. Five individuals consuming self-selected diets maintained food records for three days to determine their mean daily oxalate intakes.
RESULTS:
Both techniques were capable of adequately measuring the oxalate in food with a significant oxalate content. With foods of very low oxalate content (< 1.8 mg/100 g), IC was more reliable than CE. The mean daily intake of oxalate by the five individuals tested was 152 + 83 mg, ranging from 44 to 352 mg/day.
CONCLUSION:
CE appears to be the method of choice over IC for estimating the oxalate content of foods with a medium (>10 mg/100 g) to high oxalate content due to a faster anamlysis time and lower running costs, whereas IC may be better suited for the analysis of foods with a low oxalate content. Accurate estimates of the oxalate content of foods should permit the role of dietary oxalate in urinary oxalate, excretion and stone formation to be clarified. Other factors, apart from the amount of oxalate ingested, appear to exert a major influence over the amount of oxalate excreted in the urine.
Les auteurs ont utilisé deux méthodes analytiques fines, l'électrophorèse capillaire et la chromatographie ionique, par comparaison aux méthodes usuelles, pour déterminer la teneur en oxalate des aliments. L'électrophorèse capillaire s'est révélée la méthode de choix pour les aliments ayant un contenu en oxalate d'au moins 10 mg/100 g, tandis que la chromatographie ionique était plus fiable pour les faibles concentrations. L'application de ces méthodes, chez 5 sujets normaux recevant leur alimentation habituelle étudiés pendant 3 jours consécutifs, a montré que l'apport usuel en oxalate alimentaire était de l'ordre de 150 mg par jour, mais avec de très larges variations allant de 44 à 352 mg/ jour.2030 - Separate and combined influences of dehydration and hyperthermia on cardiovascular responses to exercise.
During endurance exercise in the heat athletes lose 1-21/h of fluid due to thermoregulatory sweating. The ensuing dehydration is accompanied by higher and faster increases in core temperature, which per se can cause fatigue. The main cardiovascular consequences of combined dehydration and hyperthermia [1 degree C higher core temperature and 3-4 kg (4%) body weight loss] are the significant reductions in cardiac output (3 l/min), muscle blood flow, skin blood flow and blood pressure. Separately, however, hyperthermia (i.e., 39.3 C) and dehydration do not significantly reduce cardiac output or blood pressure
IN CONCLUSION:
the superimposition of dehydration on hyperthermia during exercise in the heat causes greater alterations in cardiovascular function that make the dehydrated athlete much less able to cope with hyperthermia.
L'intérêt de cet article résulte de l'analyse séparée des effets de l'hyperthermie et de la déshydratation au cours de l'exercice endurant (70 VO2max, 2 heures). Ses conclusions sont les suivantes. (1) L'hyperthermie ( 1°C) et la déshydratation (-4kg) réduisent séparément le volume systolique et accroissent légèrement la fréquence cardiaque, sans compromettre le débit cardiaque et la pression artérielle. (2) Lorsque les deux facteurs coexistent, la chute du volume systolique atteint 20 et la débit cardiaque se réduit de 3 litres par minute / il s'ensuit une baisse de la pression artérielle et une augmentation des résistances périphériques.2031 - The impact of weekly iron supplementation on the iron status and growth of adolescent girls in Tanzania.
We evaluated the effect of weekly doses of 400 mg of ferrous sulphate for 4 months on the iron status of adolescent girls in a controlled trial in Tanga, Tanzania. Supplementation led to a significantly greater increase in serum ferritin compared with the control group (+ 15.6 %26g/l vs. 8.6 %26g/l) (P = 0.002) hut there was no significant difference in change in haemoglobin. Children given iron showed a significantly greater weight gain than controls (+ 2.4 kg vs. + 1.4 kg) (P = 0.03). Weekly iron supplementation may be an effective means of increasing iron stores and growth in children vulnerable to iron deficiency.
En Tanzanie, un apport quotidien de 400 mg de sulfate de fer durant 4 mois chez des filles adolescentes, entraîne une augmentation de la ferritine avec gain de poids.2032 - Hypertension and its treatment in postmenopausal women : Baseline data from the women''s Health initiative.
Little is known about the patterns of treatment and adequacy of blood pressure control in older women. The Women''s Health Initiative, a 40-center national study of risk factors and prevention of heart disease, breast and colorectal cancer, and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, provides a unique opportunity to examine these issues in the largest, multiethnic, best-characterized such cohort. Baseline data from the initial 98 705 women, aged 50 to 79 years, enrolled were analyzed to relate prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension to demographic, clinical, and risk-factor covariates, and logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Overall, 37.8% of the women had hypertension, which is defined as systolic blood pressure %26140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure?90 mm Hg or being on medication for high blood pressure/ 64.3% were treated with drugs, and blood pressure was controlled in only 36.1% of the hypertensive women, with lower rates of control in the oldest group. After adjustment for multiple covariates, current hormone users had higher prevalence than did nonusers (odds ratio 1.25). Hypertensive women had more comorbid conditions than did nonhypertensive women, and women with comorbidities were more likely to be treated pharmacologically. Diuretics were used by 44.3% of hypertensives either as monotherapy or in combination with other drug classes. As monotherapy, calcium channel blockers were used in 16%, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in 14%, %26-blockers in 9%, and diuretics in 14% of the hypertensive women. Diuretics as monotherapy were associated with better blood pressure control than any of the other drug classes as monotherapy
IN CONCLUSION:
hypertension in older women is not being treated aggressively enough because a large proportion, especially those most at risk for stroke and heart disease by virtue of age, does not have sufficient blood pressure control.
Les études sur une supplémentation ferrique sont contradictoires quant à un effet bénéfique sur les coronaropathies. Dans une méta-analyse ayant colligé 12 études reprenant au total 7800 cas de coronaropathie, la ferritine sérique ou le taux de saturation en transférine n'étaient pas associés avec une élévation ou avec une diminution du risque de coronaropathie.2033 - Colorectal cancer in iron deficiency anemia with a positive result on immunochemical fecal occult blood.
We examined the relationships between iron deficiency anemia, immunochemical fecal occult blood test results, and colorectal cancer. Samples were collected from 17,664 asymptomatic individuals for an immunochemical occult blood test, and colonoscopy was carried out during medical check-up. The positivity rate on the occult blood test and detection rate for colorectal cancer were compared in those with and those without iron deficiency anemia. In addition, the detection rate for colorectal cancer was determined in four groups stratified by occult blood test results and the presence of iron deficiency anemia. The occult blood test was positive in 18.4% of those with and in 3.8% of those without iron deficiency anemia (P<0.001), and colorectal cancer was detected in 2.7% of those with and in 0.4% of those without iron deficiency anemia (P<0.05). The highest rate of colorectal cancer was found in subjects with both iron deficiency anemia and positive occult blood test result. These findings indicate positive associations between iron deficiency anemia and immunochemical occult blood test results, and between iron deficiency anemia and colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy is thus necessary particularly in cases of positive immunochemical occult blood test result and iron deficiency anemia.
Les auteurs ont étudié la valeur de l'anémie ferrique et du test immunochimique de saignement occulte (TSO) dans les selles pour la détection du cancer colorectal. Dans un centre de santé, 17.664 sujets asymptomatiques ont eu un TSO et une coloscopie à l'occasion d'un examen systématique. Le TSO a été positif chez 18,4 % des sujets ayant une anémie ferrique, contre 3,8 % de ceux indemnes d'anémie. Un cancer colorectal a été décelé par coloscopie chez 2,7 % des sujets ayant une anémie ferrique, contre 0,4% de ceux qui en étaient indemnes. Le taux le plus élevé de détection du cancer colorectal a été chez les sujets ayant à la fois une anémie férrique et un TSO positif. La coloscopie apparaît donc particulièrement indiqué chez les sujets ayant un TSO positif et une anémie de type ferriprive.2034 - Potential etiological involvement of zinc, copper, selenium and magnesium in preeclamptic and hypertensive parturient women in Kuwait.
Recent studies have emphasized the possible role of general nutritional deficiency or imbalance of several specific nutrients in the etiology of pregnancy hypertension. In this study we assessed zinc, copper, selenium and magnesium in serum taken from 36 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and 10 with preeclampsia (PE) at third trimester
RESULTS:
of this study include an observation that levels of Mg2+ were significantly lower in plasma of PIH patients relative to women experiencing normal pregnancies (p < 0.01) and increased Zn2+ levels were seen among the PE group (p < 0 05). No other correlations were made apparent between occurrence of disease and systemic trace element concentration. Decreased levels of magnesium in PIH is suggested to favor increased TxA2 production by sPLA2, increased endothelial intracellular Ca2+, and decreased NO, with vasoconstriction resulting from direct effects of TxA2. On the other hand, Zn2 activates PLA-I promoting increased levels of TxA2. Hence, the increased levels of plasma Zn2+ we observed, may contribute to PE-associated vasoconstriction. These results may contribute to novel therapeutic modalities by shifting systemic balance of both Mg2+ and Zn2+ towards normal values.
Résultats déjà connus. De là à tirer des conclusions pour la prévention, le chemin sera long, s'il existe.2035 - School-administered weekly iron supplementation : Effect on the growth and hemoglobin status of non-anemic Bolivian school-age children. A randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Background Recent data suggest that daily iron supplementation of iron-replete children could impair their growth. If verified for weekly iron supplementation these results would markedly complicate targeting and implementing school-based weekly iron supplementation programs
AIM OF STUDY:
To ascertain the effect of weekly iron supplementation on the growth and hemoglobin status of non-anemic school-age children. Subjects and methods 73 Bolivian non-anemic school-age children randomly assigned to the treatment group (n=37/ receiving supplements containing FeSO4 during 18 weeks) or the control group (n=36/ receiving a placebo during the same period). Hemoglobin concentration and anthropometric measures were determined for each child at the beginning (TO) and the end (T18) of the study
RESULTS:
The treatment group did not show any significant variation in hemoglobin concentration between TO and T18 (-1.610.4 g/L/ P=0.40) whereas the control group showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration (-4.610.9 g/L/ P=0.03). Anthropometric changes were not significantly different between the treatment and the control groups for weight, (1.631.11 kg vs 1.880.79 kg/ P=0.30), height (2.350.94 cm vs 2.111.03 cm/ P=0.34) or mid-upper arm circumference (0.290.57 cm vs 0.220.54 cm/ P=0.64)
CONCLUSIONS:
In our study, weekly iron supplementation of non-anemic school-age children had no negative effect on their growth while having a positive effect in preventing significant decreases in hemoglobin concentration. These results suggest that in regions where iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is prevalent, a simple and cost-effective way to control IDA in school-age children is to give weekly iron supplements to all children at school.
La supplémentation en fer hebdomadaire chez des enfants d'âge scolaire non anémiques prévient, en Bolivie, la diminution de la concentration en Hb et conduit à proposer cet apport systématique à tous les écoliers.2036 - Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries : pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND:
Zinc deficiency is prevalent in children in developing countries. Supplemental zinc provides therapeutic benefits in diarrhea.
OBJECTIVE:
We sought to measure the effect of supplemental zinc given with oral rehydration therapy during recovery from acute or persistent diarrhea.
DESIGN:
We conducted pooled analyses including all available published and unpublished randomized controlled trials of the effects of supplementary oral zinc in children aged <5 y with acute or persistent diarrhea. We used Cox survival regression analysis to evaluate the overall effect of zinc on continuation of diarrhea and possible differential effects in subgroups divided by sex, age, weight-for-height, and initial plasma zinc concentration. Dichotomous outcomes were analyzed by logistic regression. To assess the effects of excluding studies without original data from the pooled analyses, effect-size was estimated for all studies by using random-effects models.
RESULTS:
Zinc-supplemented children had a 15% lower probability of continuing diarrhea on a given day (95% CI: 5%, 24%) in the acute-diarrhea trials and a 24% lower probability of continuing diarrhea (95% CI: 9%, 37%) and a 42% lower rate of treatment failure or death (95% CI: 10%, 63%) in the persistent-diarrhea trials. In none of the subgroup analyses were the 2 subgroups of each pair significantly different from each other/ however, in persistent diarrhea there tended to be a greater effect in subjects aged <12 mo, who were male, or who had wasting or lower baseline plasma zinc concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS:
Zinc supplementation reduces the duration and severity of acute and persistent diarrhea.
Effets thérapeutiques du zinc dans les diarrhées aiguës prolongées de l'enfant dans les pays en voie de développement. Résultats intéressants sur la durée et la gravité de la diarrhée.2037 - The realization of a project aimed at reducing the plasmatic lipid level in a large Italian population improves the mean calcium daily intake : the Brisighella Study.
OBJECTIVE:
Evaluation of the impact of a coronary heart disease prevention program on calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin D dietary intake in respect of recommended daily allowances in a large Italian rural population.
DESIGN:
Retrospective analysis of the Brisighella Study dietary data. The Brisighella Study started in 1972 as a longitudinal study on atherosclerosis risk factors.
SETTINGS:
Brisighella, a rural North Italian village.
SUBJECTS:
The Brisighella population''s dietary habits were monitored from 1980 every 4 h through a dietary record sheet, 1350 constantly tested subjects were subdivided according to NHI Consensus Conference on Calcium RDA.
INTERVENTION:
In 1986, the studied subjects were invited to reduce their consumption of animal fats and cholesterol through a Nutrition Educational Program (NEP).
RESULTS:
Before NEP, calcium intake was low in each sex and age category: 20-40% of the populatioin had a daily intake < 550 mg. In 1988, among the 1350 subjects who constantly completed the questionnaire (M = 651. F = 699), the mean calcium intake significantly rose in all age categories: M = 1003 (25-65 y) and 877 (> 65) mg/24 h (P < 0.001 vs 1984)/ F = 923 (25-50), 860 (51-65) and 767 (> 65) mg/24h (P < 0.05). In 1992, 3 y after the NEP conclusion, calcium intake dropped in each sex and age category. The NEP influenced vitamin D, phosphorus and magnesium intakes less.
CONCLUSION:
A collective NEP aimed at lowering saturated fats and cholesterol intakes, improves the calcium intake: in order to maintain their efficacy on nutritional habit changes, these programs must become an ongoing item.
Analyse rétrospective de l'impact d'un programme de prévention des troubles coronariens dans une population rurale italienne sur la consommation de plusieurs nutriments, dont le calcium et le magnésium. Cette étude (dite de Brisighella) a porté sur 1350 sujets examinés tous les 4 ans depuis 1980. En 1986, les sujets ont été invités à réduire leur consommation de graisses animales et de cholestérol, alors que leurs apports de calcium étaient faibles : moins de 550 mg par jour pour 20 à 40 % de la population. De façon paradoxale, le programme de restriction lipidique a conduit à une nette augmentation des apports calciques moyens : 1003 (25-65 ans) et 877 mg/j (plus de 65 ans) chez les hommes et 923 (25-50 ans) et 767 mg/j (plus de 65 ans) chez les femmes. Cette augmentation pourrait provenir d'une plus forte consommation de produits laitiers allégés en matières grasses.2038 - Genetic contribution to bone metabolism, calcium excretion, and vitamin D and parathyroid hormone regulation.
A classical twin study was performed to assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to bone metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and the hormones regulating them. It was examined further whether the genetic effect is menopause dependent. The subjects were 2136 adult twins (98.3% female): 384 monozygotic (MZ) and 684 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs. The intraclass correlations were calculated, and maximum likelihood model fitting was used to estimate genetic and environmental variance components. The intraclass correlations for all of the variables assessed were higher in MZ twin pairs. The heritabilities (95% CIs) obtained from model fitting for hormones regulating bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis were parathyroid hormone (PTH), 60% (54-65%)/ 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]/ 43% (28-57%), 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)], 65% (53-74%)/ and vitamin D binding protein 62% (56-66%). The heritabilities (95% CIs) for markers of bone formation also were assessed/ bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), 74% (67-80%), and osteocalcin, 29% (14-44%)/ marker of bone resorption deoxypyridinoline (DPD), 58% (52-64%)/ and measure of calcium homeostasis 24 h urine calcium, creatinine (Cr), 52% (41-61%). The magnitude of genetic influence differed with menopause for most variables. This study provides evidence for the importance of genetic factors in determining bone resorption and formation, calcium excretion, and the hormones regulating these processes. It shows for the first time a clear genetic effect on bone resorption in premenopausal women and the regulation of PTH, vitamin D metabolism, and calcium excretion. The genes controlling bone hormones and markers are likely to be useful therapeutic and diagnostic targets.
Mise en évidence par l'étude de 2136 jumeaux d'un déterminant génétique influençant la résorption osseuse, l'ostéoformation, l'excrétion calcique et les hormones régulant ces processus (parathormone, 25 OHD, 1,25(OH)2D3).2039 - Iron absorption from experimental infant formulas based on pea (Pisum sativum)-protein isolate : the effect of phytic acid and ascorbic acid.
Infant formula based on pea (Pisum sativum)-protein isolate has been suggested as an alternative to soyabean formula in countries where soyabean is not a native crop, or when soyabean protein cannot be used due to allergic reactions or intolerances. In the present study, Fe absorption from experimental infant formulas based on pea-protein isolate was measured in healthy non-anaemic young women. The influence of phytic acid and ascorbic acid on Fe absorption was evaluated, using a stable-isotope technique based on incorporation of Fe stable-isotope labels into erythrocytes 14 d after administration. Geometric mean Fe absorption increased from 20.7 (+1SD 41.6, -1SD 10.3) % to 33.1 (+1SD 58.6, -1SD 18.7) %/ (P < 0.0001/ n 10) after enzymic degradation of virtually all phytic acid. Doubling the molar ratio Fe: ascorbic acid from 1: 2.1 to 1:4.2 in the infant formula with native phytic acid content also increased Fe absorption significantly (P < 0.0001/ n 10)/ geometric mean Fe absorption increased from 14.8 (+1SD 32.1, -1SD 68) % to 22.1 (+1SD 47.2, -1SD 10.4) %. These results confirm the inhibitory and enhancing effects of phytic acid and ascorbic acid respectively on Fe absorption, but also indicate relatively high fractional Fe absorption from the pea-protein-based formulas. After adjusting for differences in Fe status, our data indicate that Fe absorption from dephytinised pea protein might be less inhibitory than dephytinised soyabean protein as measured in a previous study (Hurrell et al. 1998).
Etude expérimentale de l'absorption du fer qui confirme l'action inhibitrice de l'acide phytique et l'action favorisante de l'acide ascorbique.2040 - Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters.
Because of growing concern that constituents of drinking water may have adverse health effects, consumption of tap water in North America has decreased and consumption of bottled water has increased. Our objectives were to 1) determine whether North American tap water contains clinically important levels of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and sodium (Na+) and 2) determine whether differences in mineral content of tap water and commercially available bottled waters are clinically important.
DESIGN:
We obtained mineral analysis reports from municipal water authorities of 21 major North American cities. Mineral content of tap water was compared with published data regarding commercially available bottled waters and with dietary reference intakes (DRIs).
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Mineral levels varied among tap water sources in North America and among bottled waters. European bottled waters generally contained higher mineral levels than North American tap water sources and North American bottled waters. For half of the tap water sources we examined, adults may fulfill between 8% and 16% of their Ca2+ DRI and between 6% and 31% of their Mg2+ DRI by drinking 2 liters per day. One liter of most moderate mineralization European bottled waters contained between 20% and 58% of the Ca2+ DRI and between 16% and 41% of the Mg2+ DRI in adults. High mineralization bottled waters often contained up to half of the maximum recommended daily intake of Na+.
CONCLUSIONS:
Drinking water sources available to North Americans may contain high levels of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ and may provide clinically important portions of the recommended dietary intake of these minerals. Physicians should encourage patients to check the mineral content of their drinking water, whether tap or bottled, and choose water most appropriate for their needs.
Du fait que l'on parle de plus en plus de composants présents dans l'eau de boisson qui pourraient avoir des effets néfastes sur la santé, la consommation de l'eau du robinet en Amérique du Nord a diminué et, parallèlement, la consommation d'eau en bouteille a augmenté. Azoulay et al. ont réalisé une étude dont les objectifs étaient d'une part de déterminer si l'eau du robinet prélevée dans les 21 villes les plus importantes d'Amérique du Nord contenait des taux importants de calcium, de magnésium et de sodium, et d'autre part de déterminer si la différence en contenu minéral de l'eau du robinet et des eaux embouteillées du commerce était cliniquement importante. Les taux de minéraux de toutes ces sources ont également été comparés aux apports journaliers recommandés (AJR) correspondants. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le contenu minéral des eaux en bouteille européennes est, en général beaucoup plus important que les eaux (embouteillées et du robinet) d'Amérique du Nord : 1litre d'eau en bouteille européenne modérément minéralisée contenant entre 20% et 58% des AJR de calcium pour l'adulte, et entre 16% et 41% des AJR de magnésium. En ce qui concerne le sodium, les eaux fortement minéralisées en bouteille contiennent au moins 50% des apports journaliers maximum recommandés. Les auteurs concluent que les différentes sources d'eau de boisson disponibles en Amérique du Nord peuvent contenir des quantités importantes de minéraux et ainsi contribuer à la satisfaction des AJR, les médecins devant sensibiliser et orienter les patients vers le choix d'une eau de boisson en fonction du contenu minéral et des besoins de chacun.2041 - Polyuria and polydipsia. Diagnostic approach and problems associated with patient evaluation.
Primary disorders of water balance (central diabetes insipidus [DI], nephrogenic DI, and psychogenic polydipsia) should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of polyuria and polydipsia. In general, animals with these disorders have only one laboratory abnormality: a low urine specific gravity. In most instances, the more common causes of polyuria and polydipsia (e.g., hyperadrenocorticism, chronic renal failure, pyelonephritis, pyometra) have specific and obvious abnormalities associated with the complete blood cell count, the serum chemistry profile, and urinalysis. In some cases, however, a low urine specific gravity may be the only abnormality associated with these more common findings. The workup for polyuria and polydipsia can be tedious, time-consuming, expensive, confusing, and not without significant patient morbidity, especially in those cases with normal or near-normal blood work. This article focuses on the diagnostic approach and problems associated with diagnostic testing in patients with disorders of water balance.
Les désordres primaires de la balance hydrique de l'organisme (diabète insipide central, diabète insipide néphrogénique, et polydipsie psychogène) doivent toujours être évoqués au cours du diagnostic différentiel de la polyurie et de la polydipsie. Dans la plupart des cas, les causes les plus fréquentes de polyurie et de polydipsie (hypercorticisme, insuffisance rénale chronique, pyélonéphrite..) ont des anomalies spécifiques et évidentes décelables sur des examens biologiques sanguins et/ou urinaires. La prise en charge diagnostique, thérapeutique et le suivi de la polyurie et de la polydipsie peuvent être longs et difficiles, voire déroutants, particulièrement dans les cas où les examens biologiques sont à la limite de la normalité. Cet article est centré sur l'approche diagnostique et sur les problèmes associés à ce diagnoctic des patients présentant des troubles de leur balance hydrique.2042 - Weekly vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy increases vitamin A concentration of breast milk but not iron status in Indonesian lactating women.
Studies on the effect of vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy on maternal iron and vitamin A status postpartum are scarce. We investigated whether retinol and iron variables in breast milk and in serum postpartum were enhanced more with weekly vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy than with weekly iron supplementation. During pregnancy, subjects were randomly allocated to two groups and received either (n = 88) a weekly supplement of iron (120 mg Fe as FeSO(4)) and folic acid (500 microg) or (n = 82) the same amount of iron and folic acid plus vitamin A [4800 retinol equivalents (RE)]. Transitional milk (4-7 d postpartum) had higher (P < 0.001) concentrations of retinol and iron than mature milk (3 mo postpartum). Compared with the weekly iron group, the weekly vitamin A and iron group had a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of retinol in transitional milk (as micromol/L) and in mature milk (as micromol/g fat). Although serum retinol concentrations approximately 4 mo postpartum did not differ significantly, the weekly vitamin A and iron group had significantly fewer (P < 0.01) subjects with serum retinol concentrations < or = 0.70 micromol/L than the weekly iron group. Iron status and concentrations of iron in transitional and mature milk did not differ between groups. We have shown that weekly vitamin A and iron supplementation during pregnancy enhanced concentrations of retinol in breast milk although not in serum by approximately 4 mo postpartum. However, no positive effects were observed on iron status and iron concentration in breast milk.
Faible intérêt car la vitamine A n'intervient pas dans le métabolisme du fer. Il n'est pas précisé s'il s'agit d'une population déficitaire en vitamine A. Aucune conclusion ne peut donc être tirée.2043 - Boron therapeutics on the horizon.
No pharmaceutical based on boron has yet made it to market, but this may soon change. The new millennium has brought with it some unique classes of bioactive boron compounds that are sufficiently mature in development to be considered significant and timely advances in their respective chemotherapeutic areas. Because boron is seldom seen as a constituent of a bioactive agent, this review relates some of the pertinent biologic and physiologic properties of boron and then describes in detail those boron-based agents clearly visible on the therapeutic horizon. Highlighted agents include boronic acids and boron heterocycles as potent proteasome inhibitors, beta-lactamase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, inositol trisphosphate receptor modulators, antibacterials, and antiestrogens. As these new agents are welcomed into the therapeutic armamentarium, others will surely follow and the prescribing clinician will already have an awareness and appreciation of the unique benefits that these compounds have to offer.
Le bore, qui vient immédiatement avant le carbone sur le tableau périodique des éléments, est relativement peu connu, alors qu'il apparaît pouvoir être à l'origine de molécules utiles en thérapeutique. Le bore, présent dans la nature sous forme d'acide borique ou de borates, est un micronutriment essentiel pour la croissance des plantes. Ses fonctions chez les mammifères ne sont pas identifiées, mais il paraît intervenir dans les fonctions des cellules du cerveau et son rôle comme nutriment utile chez l'homme est aujourd'hui reconnu. La FDA, aux Etats-Unis, a fixé son apport maximum à 20 mg/jour. Le bore est apporté, dans l'alimentation, par le café, le lait, le vin, les raisins et les fruits oléagineux. Au plan physiologique, le bore est un inhibiteur du protéasome, système protéolytique principal d'origine non-lysosomiale des cellules, qui intervient dans les réponses immunitaires. L'inhibition du protéasome a des implications importantes dans le traitement des rejets du transplant, dans les maladies auto immunes et dans la potentialisation des chimiothérapies anticancéreuses. Des acides boroniques dépeptidiques tels que le PS-341 constituent une nouvelle classe d'inhibiteurs du protéasome qui pourraient être associés à la chimiothérapie des cancers pour surmonter la résistance à ces traitements. D'autres composés du bore pourraient avoir un effet anticoagulant, ou des effets antibactériens en inhibant la béta-lactamase (qui crée une résistance aux antibiotiques de la classe des béta-lactames) ou par effet antibactérien direct contre les germes gram-négatifs. Des benzodiazaborines, dont la structure imite celle des oestrogènes mais qui sont dépourvues de toute activité oestrogénique, pourraient constituer des agents intéressants comme anti oestrogènes, dans le traitement du cancer du rein. L'auteur, qui travaille lui-même depuis de nombreuses années à la mise au point de dérivé du bore d'intérêt thérapeutique, souligne l'intérêt potentiel de cet élément, notamment dans le domaine du traitement des cancers.2044 - Influence of age on thirst and fluid intake.
Independently living older adults (over the age of 65 yr) consume adequate volumes of fluids on a daily basis. However, when challenged by fluid deprivation, a hyperosmotic stimulus, or exercise in a warm environment (all of which combine hypovolemia and hyperosmolality), older adults exhibit decreased thirst sensation and reduced fluid intake. Full fluid restoration eventually occurs, but full restoration of fluid balance is slowed. The aging process alters important physiological control systems associated with thirst and satiety. Recent evidence suggests that older men and women (i) have a higher baseline osmolality and thus a higher osmotic operating point for thirst sensation (with little or no change in sensitivity), and (ii) exhibit diminished thirst and satiety in response to the unloading (hypovolemia) and loading (hypervolemia) of baroreceptors. A diminished sensation of thirst in the elderly relative to young adults is generally absent when a volume stimulus is absent, despite higher baseline plasma osmolalities. Compared with the elderly, there are scant data associated with homeostatic control of thirst in children. Nonhomeostatic control of thirst and drinking behavior may likewise be different for children (as it is for the elderly), as compared with young adults/ however, little empirical data exist on this topic. Children rarely exhibit voluntary dehydration for activities lasting 45 min or less/ however, drink flavoring and sodium chloride are important promoters of drinking in active children.
Les personnes âgées indépendantes de plus de 65 ans, dans les conditions journalières de base, consomment une quantité adéquate de liquide. Cependant, quand elles sont soumises à une privation de liquide, à un stimulus hyperosmotique, ou à un exercice dans un environnement chaud (ces états associant une hypovolémie et une hyperosmolalité), les personnes âgées présentent une diminution de la sensation de soif et une réduction de l'apport liquidien. La restauration de la balance hydrique est lente. Le vieillissement altère les systèmes physiologiques de contrôle de la soif et de la satiété. Chez l'enfant, il existe peu de données sur le sujet. Quoiqu'il en soit, les enfants présentent rarement une déshydratation volontaire pour un exercice physique d'environ 45 minutes / les boissons aromatisées et le chlorure de sodium sont d'importants promoteurs de prise de boissons chez l'enfant actif.2045 - Levels of calcium, aluminium and chromium in serum of exclusively breastfed infants at six months of age in Savannah region of Nigeria.
This study was undertaken to determine the levels of calcium, aluminium and chromium in the serum of apparently healthy exclusively breastfed infants at the sixth month of lactation. Forty-five infants (with a male:female ratio 2:1) were studied. They were of an average age six months and one week, weighed 6.8-10.0 kg. The mean calcium levels of 83.92 ug/ml (2.1 mmol/L) obtained is within the reference range (2.1-2.5 mmol/L) in this area. The mean level of chromium was 0.11 u/ml while that of aluminium is significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the toxic level reported by some workers, yet none of the subject was manifesting any obvious signs of toxicity. We can then infer from our data that the exclusively breastfed infants are able to extract enough calcium, aluminium and chromium from the maternal breastmilk.
Le travail a consisté à déterminer chez des bébés de - de 6 mois nourris au sein au Nigéria, les taux sériques de calcium, aluminium et chrome. 45 bébés, 30 garçons, 15 filles, donnaient tous les signes de la bonne santé. Les taux de calcium étaient de 83,92 µg/ml, les taux de chrome de 0,11 µg/ml. Par contre, les taux d'aluminum étaient nettement plus élevés et proches des doses considérées comme toxiques, bien que les bébés ne manifestaient aucun signe d'intolérance de toxicité. La conclusion est que les bébés nourris au sein sont capables d'extraire du lait maternel suffisamment de calcium, d'aluminium et de chrome.2046 - Prevalence of dental fluorosis in the primary dentition.
OBJECTIVE:
This paper presents data on the prevalence of primary tooth fluorosis among children residing in Iowa, and the relationships between fluorosis prevalence and selected measures of fluoride exposures.
METHOD:
Children in the study cohort were followed prospectively during the first year of life. This study assessed their home water fluoride concentrations and use of fluoride dentifrice or dietary fluoride supplements. A total of 637 children (320 females and 317 males) were examined for fluorosis using a modification of the TSIF index at age 4 1/2 to 5 years, with 90.4 percent having intact primary dentitions.
RESULTS:
74 children (11.6%) had fluorosis present on one or more of their primary teeth, and 71 children (11.1%) had two or more teeth affected. Nearly all fluorosis was mild, with the primary second molar teeth most commonly affected. Fluorosis was significantly associated with higher water fluoride concentration, but not with the use of dentifrice or fluoride supplements.
CONCLUSION:
The results of this study show that primary tooth fluorosis is relatively uncommon, but is most frequently seen on the posterior teeth, particularly the primary second molars, which form at later stages of development. This finding suggests that primary tooth fluorosis is mostly a postnatal phenomenon, and is associated with higher water fluoride levels.
L'étude s'effectue à Iowa City aux Etats Unis où la prévalence de la fluorose des enfants qui résident dans cette cité est en relation avec les mesures d'exposition au fluor. La méthode a consisté à évaluer la concentration du fluor dans l'eau de la maison, de celle des dentifrices et des suppléments. Il s'agissait des enfants dans la 1ère année de la vie. En comparaison avec ces taux, on étudie le TSIF index à 4 ans 1/2 et 5 ans. L'étude a porté sur 637 enfants : 320 filles et 317 garçons, dont 90 % avaient une dentition primaire intacte. Résultat : 11 % présentent une ou plusieurs dents atteintes de fluorose de 1ère dentition. 11 % ont une ou deux dents affectées, en particulier la 2e molaire, mais l'atteinte est presque toujours légère. La relation existe avec la concentration élevée en fluor dans les eaux de boisson, mais pas avec utilisation des dentifrices ou l'apport de supplément. En conclusion : la fluorose de 1ère dentition est rare. L'atteinte de la 1ère et de la 2e molaires suggère qu'il s'agit de phénomène post-natal donc dû à la concentration des apports du fluor par l'eau.2047 - Postnatal iron status of Hong Kong Chinese women in a longitudinal study of maternal nutrition.
OBJECTIVE:
To report postnatal iron nutritional status of Hong Kong Chinese women during the first 6 months postpartum.
DESIGN AND SUBJECTS:
A longitudinal study examining postnatal calcium and iron status of Hong Kong Chinese breastfeeding and formula-feeding women was conducted during 1998. Postpartum women aged 20-40 y, with no bone or blood disorders were recruited and interviewed at 0 (baseline), 2, 6 weeks, 3 and 6 months postpartum. Dietary intake was assessed by a 3 day dietary record and cross checked by a 24 h recall. Complete blood count and serum ferritin level were measured to assess anaemia and iron status. In this report, subjects were divided into an anaemic group (haemoglobin level < 10 g/dl) and a non-anaemic group (haemoglobin level > or = 10 g/dl) according to baseline haemoglobin levels.
RESULTS:
At baseline, 13/47 (27.7%) subjects were anaemic. Two of these 13 anaemic subjects were still anaemic at 3 and 6 months postpartum. Anaemic subjects showed significantly (P < 0.01) greater amounts of blood loss and a higher rate of primary postpartum haemorrhage than the non-anaemic subjects. Daily food intake and dietary nutrient intake did not differ significantly between the two groups. During the first 6 weeks postpartum, subjects in both groups consumed more poultry and egg, and comparable amounts of meat, compared with women in the Hong Kong general population. Iron and vitamin C intakes for the majority of subjects reached 60% of the US Recommended Daily Allowances. Regression analysis suggested that the rate of change in haemoglobin level in the first 6 weeks postpartum was positively correlated with baseline MCV level and serum ferritin level, but negatively correlated with baseline haemoglobin level.
CONCLUSION:
Blood loss at delivery is an important factor for postpartum anaemia. Postnatal recovery of iron status of this group of women appeared to be more related to physiological factors than to dietary factors. The role of diet as well as other physiological changes in postpartum women requires further investigation. Finding ways to minimise blood loss at delivery could be the most practical strategy to reduce the rate of postpartum anaemia.
Article de bon sens sans grand intérêt. Le grand absent de ce travail reste la supplémentation martiale.2048 - Calcium, dairy products, and the risk of prostate cancer.
BACKGROUND:
Calcium intake has been suggested to play a role in the etiology of prostate cancer, since it is inversely related to vitamin D levels, which, in turn, would have an antiproliferative effect on human cancer cell lines. The hypothesis that high calcium and low vitamin D levels are associated with prostate cancer risk, however, remains unconvincingly demonstrated.
METHOD:
This relation was investigated in a case-control study of prostate cancer conducted in Northern Italy between 1985 and 1992 on 288 cases and 762 controls admitted to hospital for acute non-neoplastic diseases.
RESULTS:
No significant relation was found for calcium intake: compared to the lowest quintile of intake, the multivariate odds ratios (OR) of prostatic cancer, after adjusting for age, study center, education, body mass index, and meat intake, for increasing intake quintiles were 1.21, 0.68, 0.64, 1.12, with no trend in risk. The OR was 0.99 for an increment of 500 mg per day of calcium. The risk estimates were consistent in two strata of age (< 65 and > or = 65 years at diagnosis).
CONCLUSION:
Our results do not support an association between calcium and the risk of prostate cancer. However, the present study cannot address the effect of calcium in the ranges where an increased risk of prostate cancer has been noted previously, and with specific reference to advanced disease.
Quelques travaux ont déjà attribué à l'apport calcique un rôle dans l'étiologie du cancer de la prostate. En effet, un apport élevé de calcium est associé à un taux faible de vitamine D circulante qui a un effet anti-prolifératif sur les cellules cancéreuses. Cette hypothèse a été vérifiée dans une étude cas-contrôle en Italie du nord entre 1985 et 1992 portant sur plus de 1000 sujets hospîtalisés. Après divers ajustements des données, aucune relation n'a été observée entre apport calcique et cancer de la prostate (odd ratio de 0, 99 pour une augmentation de 500 mg/j de Ca). Cette étude ne confirme donc pas une association entre calcium ingéré et risque de cancer de la prostate mais n'exclut pas toute relation chez certaines catégories de sujets ou à des stades avancés de la maladie.2049 - Does the condition of the mouth and teeth affect the ability to eat certain foods, nutrient and dietary intake and nutritional status amongst older people?
OBJECTIVE:
To assess how the dental status of older people affected their stated ability to eat common foods, their nutrient intake and some nutrition-related blood analytes.
DESIGN:
Cross-sectional survey part of nation-wide British National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and older. Data from a questionnaire were linked to clinical data and data from four-day weighed dietary records. Two separate representative samples: a free-living and an institutional sample. Seven-hundred-and-fifty-three free-living and 196 institution subjects had a dental exam and interview.
RESULTS:
About one in five dentate (with natural teeth) free-living people had difficulty eating raw carrots, apples, well-done steak or nuts. Foods such as nuts, apples and raw carrots could not be eaten easily by over half edentate (without natural teeth but with dentures) people in institutions. In free-living, intakes of most nutrients and fruit and vegetables were significantly lower in edentate than dentate. Perceived chewing ability increased with increasing number of teeth. Daily intake of non-starch polysaccharides, protein, calcium, non-haem iron, niacin, vitamin C and intrinsic and milk sugars were significantly lower in edentate. Plasma ascorbate and retinol were significantly lower in the edentate than dentate. Plasma ascorbate was significantly related to the number of teeth and posterior contacting pairs of teeth.
CONCLUSION:
The presence, number and distribution of natural teeth are related to the ability to eat certain foods, affecting nutrient intakes and two biochemical measures of nutritional status.
Cet article démontre clairement que l'état bucco-dentaire est en relation avec le statut nutritionnel des personnes âgées si l'on considère les apports nutritionnels mais également les taux plasmatiques de vitamine C et de rétinol.2050 - Plasma selenium in preterm and term infants during the first 12 months of life.
The goal of the present study was to prospectively assess the plasma selenium (Se) concentrations of term and preterm infants during the first year of life in relation to gestational age and nutrition. Blood specimens were collected from orally formula-fed preterm infants (gestational age < 32 weeks, birth weight < 1500 g): 1.) in hospital and 2.) corrected for gestational age parallel to healthy term breast and formula-fed infants at the ages of 1, 4 and 12 months. All infants were fed according to a standardized nutritional concept, solids and follow-up formula were introduced at the age of 4 months. Plasma selenium in preterm infants in hospital was 11.7 (6.5-20.8) microg/l and 11.6 (8.8-16.7) microg/l at 4 weeks corrected for gestational age. At the age of 4 months plasma selenium was still significantly lower than in the other groups: Preterm infants: 17.1 (10.4-30.5) microg/l/ formula-fed term infants: 31.3 (24.3-47.5) microg/l/ breast-fed term infants: 45.6 (27.1-65.1) microg/l). The levels of breast-fed infants were significantly higher than those of both formula-fed groups up until the introduction of solids. Preterm infants had significantly low plasma selenium levels up until a postnatal age of at least 6 months. The levels were lower than those of term infants fed an identical unsupplemented infant formula during the first 4 months of life. These data support routine monitoring in hospital and selenium supplementation of preterm infants, preferably in hospital before discharge.
Les nouveaux-nés prématurés de très faible poids de naissance sont exposés à un risque important de déficit en sélénium, mais des règles de supplémentation précises n'ont pas encore été formulées. Les auteurs ont étudiés la concentration plasmatique du sélénium chez 16 enfants prématurés nés avant la 32ème semaine de gestation et pesant moins de 1500 g (moyenne : 908 g), nourris avec du lait de formule adaptée, par comparaison avec 31 enfants nés à terme et nourris au sein (17) ou avec du lait adapté. La concentration plasmatique du sélénium a été nettement plus faible chez les grands prématurés, tant dans la période périnatale immédiate qu'à la 4ème semaine et au 4ème mois, que chez les enfants nés à terme nourris avec un lait analogue, et surtout nourris au sein. Les auteurs concluent à l'utilité d'un contrôle du taux de sélénium plasmatique des nouveaux-nés prématurés avant leur sortie de la maternité, et d'une supplémentation adéquate en sélénium.2051 - Skin barrier, hydration, and pH of the skin of infants under 2 years of age.
The goal of this study was to instrumentally evaluate the skin of healthy infants and to compare it to adult skin. A total of 70 infants, 45 girls and 25 boys, ages 8-24 months, and 30 healthy women were studied by means of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, and pH measurements at two different skin sites, the volar forearm and the buttocks. No significant differences in TEWL were found between infants and adults, either on the buttocks or on the volar forearm. On the contrary, capacitance values were higher in infants. Their skin also appeared less acid than that of adults, with high statistical significance. No TEWL, capacitance, or pH variations were observed in infants according to sex and age. On the basis of the above data, the skin of infants 8-24 months of age shows functional signs of immaturity. This may lead to an increased permeability and a reduced capacity for defense against chemical and microbial aggression.
Les nourrissons (âgés de 8 à 24 mois) ne présentent pas de différence de leur déperdition hydrique transépidermale par rapport à des femmes adultes.